Saturday, September 12, 2009

What's new for 'Trypanosomatids' in PubMed

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Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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PubMed Results
Items 1 -5 of 5

1: PLoS One. 2009 Sep 10;4(9):e6983.

Ancient Leishmaniasis in a highland desert of Northern Chile.

Costa MA, Matheson C, Iachetta L, Llagostera A, Appenzeller O.

Instituto Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease endemic today in many areas of South America. METHODOLOGY: We discovered morphologic and molecular evidence of ancient infections in 4 female skulls in the archaeological cemetery of Coyo Oriente, in the desert of San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile. The boney facial lesions visible in the skulls could have been caused by a number of chronic infections including chronic Leishmaniasis. This diagnosis was confirmed using PCR-sequenced analyses of bone fragments from the skulls of the affected individuals.Leishmaniasis is not normally found in the high-altitude desert of Northern Chile; where the harsh climate does not allow the parasite to complete its life cycle. The presence of Leishmaniasis in ancient skulls from the region implies infection by the protozoan in an endemic area-likely, in our subjects, to have been the lowlands of North-Eastern Argentina or in Southern Bolivia. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that the presence of the disease in ancient times in the high altitude desert of San Pedro de Atacama is the result of an exogamic system of patrilocal marriages, where women from different cultures followed their husbands to their ancestral homes, allowing immigrant women, infected early in life, to be incorporated in the Atacama desert society before they became disfigured by the disease. The present globalization of goods and services and the extraordinary facile movement of people across borders and continents have lead to a resurgence of infectious diseases and re-emergence of infections such as Leishmaniasis. We show here that such factors were already present millennia ago, shaping demographic trends and the epidemiology of infections just as they do today.

PMID: 19746163 [PubMed - in process]

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2: J Med Microbiol. 2009 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print]

Alterations on the structure of Leishmania major induced by N arylisoquinolines correlate with compound accumulation and disposition.

Ponte Sucre A, Gulder T, Gulder T, Vollmers G, Bringmann G, Moll H.

1 Universidad Central de Venezuela;

Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids equipped with an N,C-hetero-'biaryl' axis and, in particular, simplified synthetic analogs thereof, kill intracellular Leishmania major at concentrations in the low sub-micromolar range, while being significantly less toxic to their major host cell, the macrophage, at the same concentrations. To further investigate their mechanism of action we evaluated the morphological and ultrastructural changes induced by specific arylisoquinolines in L. major and the correlation of these changes with compound accumulation and disposition by the parasite. After 24 h of treatment with the synthetic arylisoquinolinium salts 3 or 4, dramatic structural changes and cell death were observed. Furthermore, the auto-fluorescent derivative 3 accumulates continually in intracellular compartments. Our results thus suggest that the leishmanicidal effect of arylisoquinolinium salts may involve their ability to accumulate and precipitate in intracellular organelles, form a huge vacuole and eventually promote cell lysis.

PMID: 19745035 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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3: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print]

Intralesional sodium stibogluconate alone or its combination with either intramuscular sodium stibogluconate or oral ketoconazole in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparative study.

El-Sayed M, Anwar A.

Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

Abstract Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a disease caused by leishmania species. Intralesional sodium stibogluconate (SSG) has been considered the first line therapy for localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. There is still a need for more effective and less time-consuming therapeutic methods for this condition. Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate if the combination of intramuscular (IM) SSG or oral ketoconazole with intralesional (IL) SSG would be more effective than the intralesional SSG given alone in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. Patients and methods Thirty patients with confirmed diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis were included in the study. They were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group (10 patients with 12 lesions) was treated with intralesional SSG alone. The second group (10 patients with 15 lesions) was treated with the combination of intralesional SSG + intramuscular SSG. The third group (10 patients with 13 lesions) was treated with the combination of intralesional SSG and oral ketoconazole. A follow-up was performed every 4 weeks for a treatment period of 12 weeks, then monthly for a period of 6 months after the end of the treatment. Results Complete cure occurred in 58.3% of lesions in group 1, while 93.3% and 92.3% of lesions were cured in group 2 and 3 respectively. The difference between group 1 and the other groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Combined intramuscular SSG or oral ketoconazole with intralesional SSG is more effective than intralesional SSG alone for the treatment of CL. Oral ketoconazole is much easier and safer therapy than intramuscular SSG in combination with intralesional SSG in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis.

PMID: 19744259 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Patient Drug Information

  • Ketoconazole (Nizoral®)

    Ketoconazole is used to treat fungal infections. Ketoconazole is most often used to treat fungal infections that can spread to different parts of the body through the bloodstream such as yeast infections of the mouth, sk...

  • Source: AHFS Consumer Medication Information
4: J Infect Dis. 2009 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print]

CXC Chemokine-Mediated Protection against Visceral Leishmaniasis: Involvement of the Proinflammatory Response.

Gupta G, Bhattacharjee S, Bhattacharyya S, Bhattacharya P, Adhikari A, Mukherjee A, Bhattacharyya Majumdar S, Majumdar S.

Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, India; and 2Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.

Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, is characterized by the loss of ability of the host to generate an effective immune response. In the present study, the comparative potential of CXC chemokines, interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in restricting Leishmania donovani infection via the release of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines was studied in an in vitro model. Nitric oxide, a crucial mediator for IP-10-mediated leishmanicidal activity, was found to be dependent on inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS2) expression and was linked to the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway. Further, IP-10 was also able to abrogate the survival of Leishmania in an in vivo model of visceral leishmaniasis by restoration of Th1 cytokines and nitric oxide. Thus, this study strongly demonstrates that IP-10, like CC chemokines, is involved in rendering a protective response in visceral leishmaniasis via up-regulation of proinflammatory mediators.

PMID: 19743920 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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5: Ethiop Med J. 2009 Jan;47(1):77-9.

Leishmaniasis (PKDL) as a case of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-positive patient after initiation of anti-retroviral therapy (ART).

Tadesse A, Hurissa Z.

Department of Internal Medicine, Gondar University, Gondar.

25 years old HIV-positive farmer on Anti-retroviral therapy from North Ethiopia with PKDL occurring as IRIS is reported. He developed popular and nodular lesions on the face, chest and arms (Grade II severe PKDL) one month after anti-retroviral therapy initiation, who had history of therapy for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) one year back. PKDL manifesting as IRIS after ART initiation in previously treated case for VL was among the few reported case in the world. The case is presented and discussed with the few available review literatures.

PMID: 19743785 [PubMed - in process]

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