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Sent on Wednesday, 2010 Sep 08Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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| 1. | Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2010 Sep 6. [Epub ahead of print][Glossina feeding habits and diversity of species of trypanosomes in an active focus of human African trypanosomiasis in Gabon.][Article in French] Kohagne Tongué L, Mengue M'eyi P, Mimpfoundi R, Louis FJ.Programme sous régional de lutte contre la trypanosomiase humaine africaine, Organisation de coordination pour la lutte contre les endémies en Afrique centrale (OCEAC), BP 15665, Yaoundé, Cameroun, kohagne_oceac@yahoo.fr. AbstractFeeding host is an important factor upon which depend the Glossina infection rate and the proportion of different species of trypanosome. Glossina feed both upon animals and humans. In order to identify species of trypanosomes present in the Komo-Mondah focus and to verify whether there is any relationship between the prevalence of sleeping sickness and the feeding habits of Glossina, we have carried out an entomological survey in this focus of Gabon. Flies were dissected and organs were analysed by PCR, while the origin of blood meals was determined by ELISA. Three species of trypanosomes were found: Trypanosoma congolense "forest type" (14/104; 13.46%), Trypanosoma vivax (11/104; 10.58%) and Trypanosoma brucei s.l. (65/104; 62.5%) with 13.46% (14/104) of mixed infections of T. brucei s.l. and T. congolense Glossina palpalis palpalis was caught in all biotopes investigated (91.85%) and was infected by all these species of trypanosomes. Glossina caliginea was not infected and Glossina fuscipes fuscipes was infected by T. brucei s.l. Tsetse flies feed more on animals than on humans in almost all villages, but there was no significant difference between the number of blood meals taken upon these two groups of vertebrates (Chi 2 = 7.43; p > 0.05). A negative correlation was found between the zoophylic/anthropophylic index and the prevalence of HAT. This result is insufficient to conclude that this index can be used as an indicator of the degree of prevalence of HAT. In contrary, the trypanosomian risk seems to be an appropriate indicator of the prevalence of HAT in an area. The identification of the reservoir hosts in this focus would be useful for a good understanding of the HAT epidemiology. |
| PMID: 20821180 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
| 2. | J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 6. [Epub ahead of print]Regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinases: the human Protein Kinase X (PrKX) reveals the role of the catalytic subunit {alpha}H-{alpha}I loop.Diskar M, Zenn HM, Kaupisch A, Kaufholz M, Brockmeyer S, Sohmen D, Berrera M, Zaccolo M, Boshart M, Herberg FW, Prinz A.University of Kassel, Germany; AbstractcAMP-dependent protein kinases are reversibly complexed with any of the four isoforms of regulatory (R) subunits, which contain either a substrate or a pseudosubstrate autoinhibitory domain. The human Protein Kinase X (PrKX) is an exemption as it is inhibited only by pseudosubstrate inhibitors, i.e. RIalpha or RIbeta but not by the substrate inhibitors RIIalpha or RIIbeta. Detailed examination of the capacity of five PrKX-like kinases ranging from human to protozoa (Trypanosoma brucei) to form holoenzymes with human R subunits in living cells shows that this preference for pseudosubstrate inhibitors is evolutionarily conserved. To elucidate the molecular basis of this inhibitory pattern, we applied Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) in combination with site-directed mutagenesis. We observed that the conserved alphaH-alphaI loop residue Arg283 in PrKX is a crucial for its RI over RII preference, as a Arg283Leu mutant was able to form a holoenzyme complex with wildtype RII subunits. Changing the corresponding alphaH-alphaI loop residue in PKA Calpha (Leu277Arg), significantly destabilized holoenzyme complexes in vitro, as cAMP-mediated holoenzyme activation was facilitated by a factor of two to four, and lead to a decreased affinity of the mutant C subunit for R subunits, significantly affecting RII containing holoenzymes. |
| PMID: 20819953 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
| 3. | Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2010 Jul;104(5):391-398.Antiprotozoal activities of some constituents of Markhamia tomentosa (Bignoniaceae).Tantangmo F, Lenta BN, Boyom FF, Ngouela S, Kaiser M, Tsamo E, Weniger B, Rosenthal PJ, Vonthron-Sénécheau C.Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, TWAS Research Unit of the University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon. AbstractPhytochemical investigation of an ethyl-acetate extract of the stem bark of Markhamia tomentosa (Bignoniaceae), which had good antimalarial activity in vitro, resulted in the isolation of eight known compounds: 2-acetylnaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (1), 2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (2), oleanolic acid (3), pomolic acid (4), 3-acetylpomolic acid (5), tormentic acid (6), beta-sitosterol (7) and beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8). The structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic methods. Each of compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 was evaluated in vitro for its antiprotozoal activities against the ring stages of two chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum (K1 and W2), the amastigotes of Leishmania donovani, and the bloodstream trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (the species responsible for human malaria, visceral leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis, respectively). Although compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent antiprotozoal activities, they also showed high toxicity against a mammalian (L-6) cell line. |
| PMID: 20819307 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
| 4. | Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2010 Jul;104(5):377-382.The changing profile of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a focus of the disease in Jahrom district, southern Iran.Davami MH, Motazedian MH, Sarkari B.Department of Medical Microbiology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran. AbstractHuman cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in several parts of Iran, and there is an urban focus of the disease in the district of Jahrom, which forms part of the southern province of Fars. To explore the current profile of the disease in Jahrom district, samples were taken from the skin lesions of 40 cases of CL patients in the district, so that the causative parasites could be identified, to species, in a nested PCR. Although Leishmania tropica has been identified, in the past, as the cause of most of the urban CL in Fars province, the predominant species represented in the recent samples from Jahrom district was L. major (87.5%), while L. tropica was relatively rare (12.5%). More than one in every three (35%) of the cases examined was a child aged <10 years. The most common location of the skin lesions was on the hands. Although most of the cases had one skin lesion each, two cases each had >25 such lesions. The change in the predominant parasite causing CL in Jahrom district, from the L. tropica usually associated with the urban disease in Iran to the L. major more usually associated with CL in rural settings, may well necessitate changes in the local strategies for the prevention and control of CL. |
| PMID: 20819305 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
| 5. | J Dermatolog Treat. 2010 Sep 6. [Epub ahead of print]Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy on Leishmania donovani cutaneous leishmaniasis.Ranawaka RR, Weerakoon HS, Opathella N.Department of Dermatology, Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. AbstractAbstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and the safety of liquid nitrogen cryotherapy (LN) on Leishmania donovani cutaneous leishmaniasis and on type V skin. Methods: LN was applied to 65 patients (121 lesions) using cotton swabs attached to ekels. Cryosessions were performed for 15-20 seconds, two per site, weekly for 1-3 weeks, fortnightly for 4-5 weeks and then monthly until cure. Patients were followed-up for 6 months after cure. Results: A total of 91.7% of patients were cured within one to seven cryosessions; mean 3.57. With one to four cryosessions, papules </= 1 cm in diameter showed rapid healing (90.5%) in comparison with those of > 1 cm diameter (64.28%). The cure rates for lesions on the head (84.61%) and upper limb (82.6%) were greater than those for the lower limbs (71.42%) and trunk (66.66%). With LN, local pain lasted for 15-30 minutes; ulceration (33%), depigmentation (46.9%) and scarring (43%) were noticed. During 6 months of follow-up there was one (1.6%) recurrence. Conclusions: LN (77.15% cure within one to four cryosessions) is an alternative to intralesional sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of papules measuring </= 1 cm. In type V skin, LN should be avoided on the face, and on patients who have a tendency to form keloids. We recommend giving cryotherapy using cryoguns (instead of cotton swabs attached to ekels) fortnightly (not weekly), which may minimize ulceration, and therefore scarring. |
| PMID: 20818996 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
| 6. | Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2010 Sep 1. [Epub ahead of print]Leishmaniasis in Spanish tattoos.Kluger N.Service de Dermatologie, Service de Dermatologie, hôpital, Université Montpellier I, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, CHU de Montpellier 80, avenue Augustin Fliche 34295 Montpellier, France. |
| PMID: 20817358 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 7. | Acta Trop. 2010 Sep 1. [Epub ahead of print]Phlebotomine sand fly population dynamics in a leishmaniasis endemic peri-urban area in southern Italy.Tarallo VD, Dantas-Torres F, Lia RP, Otranto D.Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy. AbstractA two-year survey was carried out from May to November 2008 and 2009 to study the sand fly species composition, its seasonal phenology and density in Apulia region (southern, Italy). The study was conducted in a dog shelter located in a new residential urban district where Leishmania infantum is endemic. Sand flies were collected using sticky traps from May to November, at about 7-day intervals. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded daily. In December 2008, general environmental improvements (e.g., the ground was covered with gravel and the vegetation present inside the cages was removed to facilitate cleaning) were made in the study area. The most diffused species during the whole study period were Phlebotomus perniciosus (2008, n=248, 49.4%; 2009, n=254, 50.6%) followed by Phlebotomus neglectus (2008, n=76, 39.8%; 2009, n=115, 60.2%) and Phlebotomus papatasi (2008, n=5, 50.0%; 2009, n=5 50.0%). Four specimens of Phlebotomus perfiliewi were collected only in the first year. The number of Sergentomyia minuta specimens collected increased considerably in the second (n=548, 86.2%) in comparison to the first year (n=88, 13.8%). The highest number of phlebotomine sand flies was collected in July and August when a mean temperature from 27.09 degrees C to 28.02 degrees C and mean relative humidity from 47.28% to 56.36% rates were recorded. The variations in phlebotomine sand fly species diversity and abundance recorded in this study were related to climatic and environmental factors. Data here presented confirm that sand flies easily adapt to the urban environment and that the may represent a public health concern for L. infantum and other pathogen transmission also in similar urban environment of southern Europe. |
| PMID: 20816927 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 8. | Parasitol Int. 2010 Aug 31. [Epub ahead of print]The Hsp70 chaperones of the Tritryps are characterized by unusual features and novel members.Louw CA, Ludewig MH, Mayer J, Blatch GL.Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa. AbstractProteins belonging to the Hsp70 class of molecular chaperones are highly conserved and ubiquitous, performing an essential role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in almost all known organisms. Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major are human parasites collectively known as the Tritryps. The Tritryps undergo extensive morphological changes during their life cycles, largely triggered by the marked differences between conditions in their insect vector and human host. Hsp70s are synthesised in response to these marked changes in environment and are proposed to be required for these parasites to successfully transition between differentiation stages while remaining viable and infective. While the Tritryps Hsp70 complement consists of homologues of all the major eukaryotic Hsp70s, there are a number of novel members, and some unique structural features. This review critically evaluates the current knowledge on the Tritryps Hsp70 proteins with an emphasis on T. brucei, and highlights some novel and previously unstudied aspects of these multifaceted molecular chaperones. |
| PMID: 20816852 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 9. | Clin Chim Acta. 2010 Sep 2. [Epub ahead of print]Total serum cholesterol determination can provide understanding of parasite burden in patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis infection.Lal CS, Verma N, Rabidas VN, Ranjan A, Pandey K, Verma RB, Singh D, Kumar S, Das P.Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Patna 800 007, India. |
| PMID: 20816787 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 10. | Acta Trop. 2010 Aug 31. [Epub ahead of print]Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis In Teresina, Brazil: Relationship Between Clinical Features And Infectivity For Sand Flies.Soares MM.Quadra 266, casa 08, Dirceu II, Teresina, Brazil. |
| PMID: 20816657 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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