What's new for 'Trypanosomatids' in PubMed

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Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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PubMed Results

Items 1 - 10 of 18

1.	Parasitol Res. 2011 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print] Species delimitation and phylogenetic relationships of Chinese Leishmania isolates reexamined using kinetoplast cytochrome oxidase II gene sequences. Cao DP, Guo XG, Chen DL, Chen JP. Department of Parasitology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. Abstract Leishmaniasis is a geographically widespread disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania and transmitted by certain species of sand fly. This disease still remains endemic in China, especially in the west and northwest frontier regions. A recent ITS1 phylogeny of Chinese Leishmania isolates has challenged some aspects for their traditional taxonomy and cladistic hypotheses of their phylogeny. However, disagreement with respect to relationships within Chinese Leishmania isolates highlights the need for additional data and analyses. Here, we test the phylogenetic relationships among Chinese isolates and their relatives by analyzing kinetoplast cytochrome oxidase II (COII) gene sequences, including 14 Chinese isolates and three isolates from other countries plus 17 sequences retrieved from GenBank. The COII gene might have experienced little substitution saturation, and its evolutionary process was likely to have been stationary, reversible, and homogeneous. Both neighbor-joining and Bayesian analyses reveal a moderately supported group comprising ten newly determined isolates, which is closely related to Leishmania tarentolae and Endotrypanum monterogeii. In combination with genetic distance analysis as well as Bayesian hypothesis testing, this further corroborates the occurrence of an undescribed species of Leishmania. Our results also suggest that (1) isolate MHOM/CN/93/GS7 and isolate IPHL/CN/77/XJ771 are Leishmania donovani; (2) isolate MHOM/CN/84/JS1 is Leishmania tropica; (3) the status referring to an isolate MRHO/CN/62/GS-GER20 from a great gerbil in Gansu, China, as Leishmania gerbilli, formerly based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, is recognized; and (4) E. monterogeii is nested within the genus Leishmania, resulting in a paraphyletic Leishmania. In addition, the results of this study enrich our understanding of the heterogeneity and relationships of Chinese Leishmania isolates.
	PMID: 21221640 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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2.	Parasitol Res. 2011 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print] Detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum RNA in fleas and ticks collected from naturally infected dogs. Colombo FA, Odorizzi RM, Laurenti MD, Galati EA, Canavez F, Pereira-Chioccola VL. Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 351 8 andar, CEP 01246-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Abstract The occurrence of the insect vector (sand flies) with low rates of Leishmania infection, as well as autochthonous transmission in the absence of the natural vector in dogs, have been reported. These unexpected data suggest a hypothesis of other arthropods as a possible way of Leishmania transmission. The prevalence of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in fleas and ticks collected from dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), as well as parasite viability, were evaluated herein. The presence of L. (L.) infantum was assayed by PCR and ELISA in ectoparasites and biological samples from 73 dogs living in a Brazilian endemic area. As the occurrence of Leishmania DNA in ticks and fleas is expected given their blood-feeding habits, we next investigated whether parasites can remain viable inside ticks. PCR and ELISA confirmed that 83% of the dogs had CVL. Fleas and ticks (nymphs, male and female adults) were collected in 55% and 63% of the 73 dogs, respectively. Out of the 60 dogs with CVL, 80% harbored ectoparasites infected with L. (L.) infantum. The infection rates of the ectoparasites were 23% and 50% for fleas and ticks, respectively. The RNA analysis of the extract from ticks left in laboratory conditions during 7 to 10 days after removal from CVL dogs showed that parasites were alive. In addition, live parasites were also detected inside adult ticks recently molted in laboratory conditions. These findings indicate a higher infection rate of L. (L.) infantum in ticks and fleas, but they do not conclusively demonstrate whether these ticks can act as vectors of CVL, despite the fact that their rates were higher than those previously described in Lutzomyia longipalpis. The presence of viable L. (L.) infantum in ticks suggests the possible importance of dog ectoparasites in CVL dissemination.
	PMID: 21221638 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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3.	Braz J Infect Dis. 2010 Oct;14(5):476-82. In vitro initial immune response against Leishmania amazon ensis infection is characterized by an increased production of IL-10 and IL-13. Coêlho ZC, Teixeira MJ, Mota EF, Frutuoso MS, Silva JS, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Pompeu MM. Abstract The initial encounter of Leishmania with its host's immune system is important in the outcome of infection. Previous studies have shown that PBMCs from healthy volunteers (HV) exposed to Leishmania differ in IFN-γ production. We have expanded such observations evaluating the profile and kinetics of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-10, IL-13), chemokines (CCL5, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL10), and chemokine receptors (CCR1,CCR5, CXCR3, CCR4) in vitro L. amazonensis-stimulated of HV's PBMCs. HVs were divided in groups of high (HR) or low (LR) IFN-γ responders. In both groups, HR and LR, after L. amazonensis infection there was a predominance of IL-10 and IL-13 over IFN-γ production, while IL-12 was produced in similar amount. Regarding chemokines, a more striking difference was observed for CCL3 expression that was lower at 12 hours and 48 hours post infection in LR than in HR. Interestingly, a downregulation of CCR5 and a greater expression of CCR4 were found in low IFN-γ responders. These data suggest that early after L. amazonensis infection there is a cytokine milieu dominated by IL-13 and IL-10, and despite of this environment, IFN-γ is produced, supporting the complexity of the response. It is noteworthy that the pattern of immune response is mounted in first hours after Leishmania stimulation, with the definition of the differentiation of Th1 versus Th2 cells. It remains to be determined if such an in vitro difference has an in vivo counterpart in terms of susceptibility to infection.
	PMID: 21221476 [PubMed - in process]
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4.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print] Combination therapy with Paromomycin associated Stearylamine-bearing liposomes cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis through Th1-biased immunomodulation. Banerjee A, De M, Ali N. Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India. Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by the parasite Leishmania donovani is a potentially fatal disease. Available limited drugs are toxic, require prolonged treatment duration and are costly. Low cost parenteral formulation of Paromomycin Sulphate (PM), has recently been approved for the treatment of VL. Monotherapy with PM runs the risk of development of resistance. Hence, efforts are needed to develop combination therapy of PM with other drugs to shorten the duration of treatment and prolong the effective life of the drug. PM was formulated with leishmanicidal stearylamine-bearing liposomes (PC-SA) for low dose therapy. In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial effect of the combination drug was determined. Immunomodulatory role of PC-SA-PM was determined using ELISA and flowcytometry. Excluding the spleen where the therapeutic effect was additive a remarkable synergistic activity towards cure and prophylaxis with a single-shot low dose treatment with PC-SA associated PM was achieved in BALB/c mice. PC-SA-PM, showed immunomodulatory effect on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells for IFN-γ production, and down-regulated disease associated IL-10 and TGF-β to almost negligible levels. Such combination chemotherapy may provide a promising alternative for the cure of leishmaniasis, with a plausible conversion of host immune-response from a disease promoting pattern to a Th1-biased response indicative of long-term resistance.
	PMID: 21220536 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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5.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print] In Vitro Activity against Leishmania donovani of new 2-Substituted Quinolines. Loiseau PM, Gupta S, Verma A, Srivastava S, Puri SK, Sliman F, Normand-Bayle M, Desmaele D. Groupe Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR 8076 CNRS BioCis, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, 92290-Châtenay-Malabry, France; Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow, India; Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique et Pharmacochimie, UMR 8076 CNRS BioCis, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, 92290-Châtenay-Malabry, France. Abstract A series of 9 quinolines and 18 styrylquinolines was evaluated for their in vitro antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity. The 7-aroylstyrylquinoline scaffold appeared to be the most promising one, with the most interesting compound No 35 exhibiting an IC50 value of 1.2 μM and a selectivity index value of 63.4. Compound No 35 was 10-fold and 8-fold more active than miltefosine and sitamaquine, the reference compounds, with a selectivity index 264-fold and 31-fold higher, respectively.
	PMID: 21220526 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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6.	East Mediterr Health J. 2010 Nov;16(11):1133-6. Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in Booyerahmad district, south-west Islamic Republic of Iran. Sarkari B, Pedram N, Mohebali M, Moshfe AA, Zargar MA, Akhoundi B, Shirzadi MR. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in parts of Islamic Republic of Iran. A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was carried out in children in Booyerahmad district in the south-west of the country. Serum samples were taken from 1628 children up to 10 years old from different areas in Booyerahmad in 2005-06. AntiLeishmania antibody was detected in 50 out of 1628 children (3.1%) by direct agglutination test (antibody titre > or = 1:3200). There was no significant difference in seropositivity between the sexes (2.8% males and 3.3% females). The highest rate of infection (5.2%) was in the age group 10 years. Further studies are needed to explore the reservoirs and vectors of the disease in this region.
	PMID: 21218736 [PubMed - in process]
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7.	Tetrahedron Lett. 2010 Nov 24;51(47):6153-6155. The first tota l synthesis of the (±)-17-methyl-trans-4,5-methyleneoctadecanoic acid and related analogs with antileishmanial activity. Carballeira NM, Montano N, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R. Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346. Abstract The first total synthesis of the marine cyclopropane fatty acid (±)-17-methyltrans- 4,5-methyleneoctadecanoic acid was accomplished in 8 steps and in 9.1% overall yield starting from 1-bromo-12-methyltridecane. The cis analog (±)-17- methyl-cis-4,5-methyleneoctadecanoic acid was also synthesized but in 7 steps and in 16.4% overall yield. With the two isomeric cyclopropane fatty acids at hand it was possible to unequivocally corroborate the trans relative configuration of the naturally occurring fatty acid by gas chromatographic co-elution of the corresponding methyl esters. The cis isomer was cytotoxic to Leishmania donovani promastigotes with an IC(50) of 300.2 ± 4.2 µM.
	PMID: 21218160 [PubMed]
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8.	Br Dent J. 2011 Jan 8;210(1):13-6. Dental management of the tropical disease human African trypanosomiasis: an unusual case of pseudobulbar palsy. Frost L. Dental Officer, Solent Healthcare Dental Service, Dental Department, Bitterne Health Centre, Commercial Street, Southampton, Hampshire, SO18 6BT. Abstract Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is a parasitic tropical disease endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. Due to migration and holiday travel patterns cases are increasing in the United Kingdom. The neurological sequelae have dental management implications both directly from the consequent physical disability and indirectly from the oral side-effects of the medications used to manage symptoms. Changes in disease demographics require the dental profession to increase its awareness of migration medicine and the appropriate dental management of such diseases.
	PMID: 21217721 [PubMed - in process]
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9.	Eukaryot Cell. 2011 Jan 7. [Epub ahead of print] Nutrient Transport and Pathogenesis in Selected Parasitic Protozoa. Landfear SM. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon. Abstract Parasitic protozoa such as malaria, trypanosomes, and Leishmania acquire a plethora of nutrients from their hosts employing transport proteins located in the plasma membrane of the parasite. Application of molecular genetic approaches and the completion of genome projects have allowed the identification and functional characterization of a cohort of transporters and their genes in these parasites. This review focuses on a subset of these permeases that have been studied in some detail, that import critical nutrients, and that provide examples of approaches being undertaken broadly on these and other parasite transporters. Permeases reviewed include those for hexoses, purines, iron, polyamines, carboxylates, and amino acids. Topics of special emphasis include structure-function approaches, critical roles for transporters in parasite viability and physiology, regulation of transporter expression, and subcellular targeting. Investigations on parasite transporters impact a broad spectrum of basic biological problems in these protozoa.
	PMID: 21216940 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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10.	Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011 Jan 7. [Epub ahead of print] APOL1 variants and kidney disease. There is no such thing as a free lunch. Kronenberg F. Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Abstract A recent study by Genovese et al. unraveled the findings of the intensively discussed gene region around MYH9 and its association with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease in African-Americans. First, it is not the genetic variation in MYH9 but in the neighbouring APOL1 that causes the strong association with disease in African-Americans and second, the study showed strong evidence for a positive selection against vulnerability for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection but at the price of a higher susceptibility of non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. This overview reviews the findings and the possible impact of the study mentioned above as well as of related studies.
	PMID: 21216884 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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