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Sent on Friday, 2011 Jul 08Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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| 1. | Trop Anim Health Prod. 2011 Jul 7. [Epub ahead of print]Effects of supplementing Erythrina brucei leaf as a substitute for cotton seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Sidama goats fed basal diet of natural grass hay.Yinnesu A, Nurfeta A.SourceDilla Agricultural Technical Vocational Education and Training College, P.O. Box 334, Dilla, Ethiopia. AbstractThe replacement value of dried Erythrina brucei leaf for cotton seed meal (CSM) on growth performance and carcass characteristics was evaluated. Twenty-five yearling buck goats (15.8 ± 1.4 kg) were assigned into five treatments in a randomized complete block design: natural grass hay alone (T1) or supplemented with 100% CSM (T2), 67% CSM + 33% E. brucei (T3), 33% CSM + 67% E. brucei (T4), and 100% E. brucei (T5) on dry matter (DM) basis. Supplemented goats consumed more (P < 0.05) total DM and organic matter (OM) than the non-supplemented group, but the intakes were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the proportion of the supplements. The highest (P < 0.05) crude protein (CP) intake was observed in goats supplemented with CSM alone, whereas the lowest intake was observed in the non-supplemented group. Total CP intake decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of E. brucei in the supplement mixture. The supplemented goats gained more (P < 0.05) weight than the control group. Apparent DM and OM digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) in supplemented goats than in the non-supplemented ones, but similar (P > 0.05) among the supplemented group. The digestibility of CP was higher (P < 0.05) for supplemented goats, except in those goats fed E. brucei alone, than the non-supplemented group. Slaughter weight, empty body weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, rib eye muscle area, and total edible offals were higher (P < 0.05) for supplemented goats than for the non-supplemented ones. It could be concluded that E. brucei could be used as a substitute to CSM under smallholder production systems. |
| 2. | Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Jul;85(1):70-3.Lesion Size Correlates with Leishmania Antigen-Stimulated TNF-Levels in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.Oliveira F, Bafica A, Rosato AB, Favali CB, Costa JM, Cafe V, Barral-Netto M, Barral A.SourceCentro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia (iii-INCT), Bahia, Brazil. AbstractAbstract. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a worldwide disease endemic in several regions of the globe. The hallmark of CL is skin ulcers likely driven by efforts of the immune system to control Leishmania growth. Cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-gamma can control disease progression in animal models. Nevertheless, the impact of these cytokines in CL ulcer outcome is not well established in humans. In this study, 96 CL patients from an endemic area of Leishmania braziliensis were enrolled for a follow-up study that consisted of clinical and immunological evaluations in a 2-year period. Statistical analysis revealed that healing time (P = 0.029), age (P = 0.002), and TNF levels (P = 0.0002) positively correlate with ulcer size at the time of the first clinical evaluation. Our findings suggest that ulcer size correlates with healing time and TNF levels support the use of TNF inhibitors combined with standard therapy to improve healing in CL patients with severe lesions. |
| 3. | Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Jul;85(1):66-69.Phase IV Trial of Miltefosine in Adults and Children for Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) in Bangladesh.Rahman M, Ahmed BN, Faiz MA, Chowdhury MZ, Islam QT, Sayeedur R, Rahman MR, Hossain M, Bangali AM, Ahmad Z, Islam MN, Mascie-Taylor CG, Berman J, Arana B.SourceInstitute Of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Directorate of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh; World Health Organization Regional Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biological Anthropology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Fast-Track Drugs and Biologics LLC, North Bethesda, Potomac, Maryland; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, TDR-WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. AbstractAbstract. Miltefosine (target dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day for 28 days) is the recommended treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Bangladesh on the basis of data from India. We evaluated miltefosine in a phase IV trial of 977 patients in Bangladesh. At the six-month final follow up, 701 were cured. 24 showed initial treatment failure, and 95 showed treatment failure at 6 months, although 73 of the 95 showed treatment failure solely by the criterion of low hemoglobin values. One hundred twenty-one patients were not assessable. With the conservative assumption that all low hemoglobin values represented treatment failure, the final per protocol cure rate was 85%. Of 13 severe adverse events, 6 led to treatment discontinuation and 7 resulted in deaths, but only 1 death (associated with diarrhea) could be attributed to drug. Nearly all non-serious adverse events were gastrointestinal: vomiting in 25% of patients and diarrhea in 8% of patients. Oral miltefosine is an attractive alternative to intramuscular antimony and intravenous amphotericin B for treatment of kala-azar in Bangladesh. |
| 4. | Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Jul;85(1):64-5.A Patient Presenting with Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (DCL) as a First Indicator of HIV Infection in India.Khandelwal K, Bumb RA, Mehta RD, Kaushal H, Lezama-Davila C, Salotra P, Satoskar AR.SourceDepartment of Dermatology, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India; Institute of Pathology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. AbstractAbstract. Opportunistic parasitic infections such as leishmaniasis are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and are usually acquired several days after initial diagnosis of HIV infection. Here, we report on a patient who presented with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) caused by Leishmania tropica as the first and only clinical manifestation of HIV infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case that illustrates that DCL could be the first clinical indicator of HIV infection. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and DCL are becoming frequent opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals throughout the world. To date, all documented cases of CL and HIV coinfections have been reported in patients who were known cases of HIV and who subsequently developed CL. In this report, we present a case that illustrates that DCL could be the first clinical indicator of HIV infection. |
| 5. | Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Jul;85(1):60-63.Variation in Clinical Presentation and Genotype of Causative Leishmania major Strain in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North and South Afghanistan.van Thiel PP, van Gool T, Faber WR, Leenstra T, Kager PA, Bart A.SourceDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS and Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Ministry of Defence, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Section of Parasitology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AbstractAbstract. A different clinical picture and therapeutic response were observed when data from Leishmania major-infected Dutch military personnel stationed in southern (N = 8) and northern (N = 169) Afghanistan were analyzed. Clinical presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis in personnel in the south was milder and seemed to respond better to antileishmanial treatment; molecular analyses of parasite isolates seem to indicate that these differences may be genetic. |
| 6. | Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Jul;85(1):55-9.Atypical lesions as a sign of cutaneous dissemination of visceral leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient simultaneously infected by two viscerotropic leishmania species.Santos-Oliveira JR, Da-Cruz AM, Pires LH, Cupolillo E, Kuhls K, Giacoia-Gripp CB, Oliveira-Neto MP.SourceLaboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, e Instituto de Pesquisa ClÃnica Evandro Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Cabo Frio, Brazil; Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany. AbstractAbstract. Leishmaniasis is considered an emerging opportunistic disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who have considerably variable clinical presentation. We report a patient with visceral leishmaniasis who had unexpected clinical aspects (atypical cutaneous lesions appearing after long-term evidence of visceral parasites). The patient had hepatoesplenomegaly in the absence of fever, but was otherwise generally healthy. The HIV viral load was low despite severe immunossupression (low lymphocyte proliferation and low level of interferon-γ, concomitant with a high lymphocyte activation status). Surprisingly, two Leishmania strains were isolated from his bone marrow (typical L. infantum sequence MON-1, type A) and skin (L. donovani MON-2 sequence); this second strain had not been previously identified in Brazil. The association of visceral leishmaniasis and HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a largely unknown disease, particularly in areas in which leishmaniasis is not endemic. Such atypical cases indicate that this disease can be undiagnosed in clinical settings. |
| 7. | J Biol Chem. 2011 Jul 5. [Epub ahead of print]The trypanocidal drug suramin and other trypan blue mimetics are inhibitors of pyruvate kinases and bind to the adenosine site.Morgan HP, McNae IW, Nowicki MW, Zhong W, Michels PA, Auld DS, Fothergill-Gilmore LA, Walkinshaw MD.SourceEdinburgh University, United Kingdom; AbstractEhrlich's pioneering chemotherapeutic experiments published in 1904 described the efficacy of a series of dye molecules including trypan blue and trypan red to eliminate trypanosome infections in mice. The molecular structures of the dyes provided a starting point for the synthesis of suramin which was developed and used as a trypanocidal drug in 1916, and is still in clinical use. Despite the biological importance of these dye-like molecules, the mode of action on trypanosomes has remained elusive. Here we present crystal structures of suramin and three related dyes in complex with pyruvate kinases from Leishmania mexicana or from Trypanosoma cruzi. The phenyl sulfonate groups of all four molecules (suramin, Ponceau S, acid blue 80 and benzothiazole-2,5-disulfonic acid) bind in the position of ADP/ATP at the active sites of the PYKs. The binding positions in the two different trypanosomatid PYKs are nearly identical. We show that suramin competitively inhibits PYKs from humans (muscle, tumor and liver isoenzymes, Ki = 1.1 to 17 μM), T. cruzi (Ki = 108 μM) and L. mexicana (Ki = 116 μM), all of which have similar active sites. Synergistic effects were observed when examining suramin inhibition in the presence of an allosteric effector molecule, whereby IC50 values decreased up to two-fold for both trypanosomatid and human PYKs. These kinetic and structural analyses provide insight into the promiscuous inhibition observed for suramin, and into the mode of action of the dye-like molecules used in Ehrlich's original experiments. |
| 8. | Biomed Pharmacother. 2011 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print]An experimental approach to studying the effectiveness and safety of meglumine antimoniate formulations.Delgado G, Sánchez Y, Plaza D, Mariño A, Granados D.SourceImmunotoxicology Research Group, Pharmacy Department, Science Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Oficina 206, Ciudad Universitaria, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Edificio 450, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. AbstractAmong the problems associated to leishmaniasis, the two most outstanding ones are the lack of a vaccine and the adverse effects caused by drugs use for its control. Meglumine antimoniate compounds are the first-line drugs in the treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (the most prevalent form of the disease in Colombia); nevertheless, they are far from being ideal drugs due to their toxicity (not to mention the emergence of drug-resistant parasites), all of which has prompted current search for new strategies to improve their safety. This work assesses the effectiveness and safety (toxicity including new aspects related with immunotoxicity not reported previously) of two different meglumine antimoniate formulations using an in vitro and in vivo murine model. The results evidence that although both injectable formulations induce an equally efficient (clearance of intracellular parasites), both give rise to adverse effects, including a preferential immunomodulation on Balb/c mice and in a lesser proportion on ICR mice. These results are comparable to human trials reporting variable reactions when following the same treatment regimen. The model presented herein is proposed as a tool for evaluating the effectiveness and safety of meglumine antimoniate-based antileishmanial formulations. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. |
| 9. | Transbound Emerg Dis. 2011 Aug;58(4):352-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01212.x. Epub 2011 Mar 9.An investigation into alternative reservoirs of canine leishmaniasis on the endemic island of mallorca (Spain).Millán J, Zanet S, Gomis M, Trisciuoglio A, Negre N, Ferroglio E.SourceServicio de EcopatologÃa de Fauna Salvaje (SEFaS, Wildlife Diseases Research Group), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain  Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy  Fundació Natura Parc, Santa Eugènia, Balearic Islands, Spain. AbstractThe role of wild and free-roaming domestic carnivores as a reservoir of Leishmania infantum was investigated on the Mediterranean island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain), an endemic area for this disease. Serum, blood and/or spleen samples from 169 animals [48 dogs from a kennel, 86 wild-caught feral cats, 23 pine martens (Martes martes), 10 common genets (Genetta genetta) and two weasels (Mustela nivalis)] were analysed. Seroprevalence determined by Western blotting was 38% in dogs and 16% in feral cats, while the prevalence of infection determined by PCR was 44% in dogs, 26% in cats, 39% in pine martens and 10% in genets. This is the first report of infection by L. infantum in the pine marten or any other member of the Mustelidae family. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis found 33 different patterns in 23 dogs, 14 cats and three martens. Two patterns were shared by dogs and cats, two by different cats, and one by different dogs. Patterns were different to those previously reported in carnivores from peninsular Spain. No external lesions compatible with leishmaniasis were observed in any species other than the dogs. Although the dog is probably the primary reservoir of leishmaniasis in endemic areas, the prevalence and the absence of apparent signs of this disease within the island's abundant feral cat and pine marten populations could make these species potential primary or secondary hosts of L. infantum in Mallorca. © 2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH. |
| 10. | N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 30;364(26):2527-34.Antitrypanosomal therapy for chronic Chagas' disease.Bern C.SourceDivision of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. cxb9@cdc.gov |
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