Saturday, July 16, 2011

What's new for 'Trypanosomatids' in PubMed

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Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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PubMed Results
Items 1 - 8 of 8

1. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2011;4:69-72. Epub 2011 Jun 2.

Evaluation of the effect of formic acid and sodium formate on hair reduction in rat.

Banihashemi M, Rad AK, Yazdi SA, Rakhshande H, Ghoyonlo VM, Zabihi Z, Yousefzadeh H.

Source

Research Center for Skin Diseases and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Ghaem Hospital.

Abstract

Hirsutism is a common problem in dermatology that imposes high socioeconomical costs on medical care. Consequently, researchers are actively searching for cheaper and safer methods for therapeutic treatment. The objective of the present study is to evaluate formic oil, enriched from formic acid, for the removal of unwanted hair. In this study, 32 female rats (150-200 g) were randomly divided into four groups and maintained with normal water and food availability. A patch of skin was shaved on each rat for application of test solutions. The control group was treated with local once-daily applications of normal saline. The formic acid, acetic acid, and sodium formate groups were treated with once-daily applications of formic acid (pH 5.5), acetic acid (pH 5.5), or sodium formate, respectively. After 2 weeks, horizontally cut sample biopsies were removed, and the numbers of hair follicles were counted under high field microscopy by a specialist blinded to the treatments. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test results indicated a nonparametric distribution for the rat groups. ANOVA analysis indicated no statistically significant differences between groups (P < 0.05). There weren't any side effects or evidence for toxicity during the study period. However, hair follicle counts showed a descending order of control, acetic acid, formic acid, and sodium formate. Although the sodium formate group had the lowest hair follicle numbers, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Formic acid was not effective in reducing hair follicle numbers in rats.

PMID:
21760741
[PubMed - in process]
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2. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 Aug 15;9(8):560-1. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2626.

Parasitology: Leishmania turns down the heat.

Huddleston JE.
PMID:
21760619
[PubMed - in process]
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3. Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Jun 21. [Epub ahead of print]

Trimethoxy-chalcone derivatives inhibit growth of Leishmania braziliensis: Synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular modeling and structure-activity relationship (SAR).

Bello ML, Chiaradia LD, Dias LR, Pacheco LK, Stumpf TR, Mascarello A, Steindel M, Yunes RA, Castro HC, Nunes RJ, Rodrigues CR.

Source

Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (ModMolQSAR-3D), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Química Medicinal (LQMed) - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.

Abstract

In this work we described the synthesis, the antileishmanial activity and the molecular modeling and structure-activity relationship (SAR) evaluations of a series of chalcone derivatives. Among these compounds, the methoxychalcones 2h, 2i, 2j, 2k and 2l showed significant antileishmanial activity (IC(50)<10μM). Interestingly 2i (IC(50)=2.7μM), 2j (IC(50)=3.9μM) and 2k (IC(50)=4.6μM) derivatives presented better antileishmanial activity than the control drug pentamidine (IC(50)=6.0μM). Our SAR study showed the importance of methoxy di-ortho substitution at phenyl ring A and the relationship between the frontier orbital HOMO coefficients distribution of these molecules and their activity. The most active compounds 2h, 2i, 2j, 2k, and 2l fulfilled the Lipinski rule-of-five which theoretically is important for good drug absorption and permeation through biological membranes. The potential profile of 2j (IC(50)=3.9μM and CC(50)=216μM) pointed this chalcone derivative as a hit compound to be further explored in antileishmanial drug design.

Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PMID:
21757358
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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4. Acta Trop. 2011 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print]

Studies on the flight patterns of foraging sand flies.

Faiman R, Kirstein O, Moncaz A, Guetta H, Warburg A.

Source

Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.

Abstract

Phlebotomine sand flies transmit Leishmania parasites that cause leishmaniasis in humans. We report experimental results that improve our understanding of how foraging sand flies proceed over flat or sloping ground and how they negotiate vertical obstacles. Three rows of traps were suspended at different heights on a wire fence. Those just above ground level captured 87% of all flies, traps set at one meter captured 11% while only 2% of the flies were captured in traps set two meters above ground. When traps were deployed on a vertical support wall, the mean catch per trap was much higher than for traps suspended on the fence. Traps suspended just above ground level captured 57% of all flies, traps set at one meter above ground captured 27% of the flies and even traps set at two meters captured 16% of the flies. Although, most flies were still captured close to the ground, a higher percentage reached the second and third rows of traps. Sticky traps on a vertical wall produced similar results with significantly more flies alighting on the lower sections of the trap closest to the ground. On a vertical sand fly-proof net the overall dispersal of the flies was more like on a wall than in open space. Traps suspended just above ground level captured 49%, traps set at one meter above ground captured 36% and traps set at two meters captured 15% of the flies. Following spraying of the net with deltamethrin (1%), fewer sand flies were captured but the reduction was not statistically significant. Our conclusions are that being small and frail, sand flies tend to fly close to the ground probably in order to avoid being swept away by gusts of wind. When they encounter a vertical obstacle, they proceed upwards close to the obstacle with intermittent stops. Therefore, insecticide-sprayed walls or vertical nets should be effective for controlling sand flies approaching human habitation.

Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier B.V.

PMID:
21756865
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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5. Hematology. 2011 Jul;16(4):255-7.

Clinicohaematological profile of infections in bone marrow - single centre experience in North Himalay an region of India.

Chandra H, Chandra S, Bhat NK, Sharma A.

Source

Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

Abstract

The bone marrow examination in cases of infections may be non-specific but certain reactive changes may raise high index of suspicion of infections. The present study from a tertiary centre in the North Himalayan region of India describes the clinicohaematological profile and the changes associated with infections in the marrow. The study included all the cases of infections in which bone marrow examination was done during the period between January 2006 and July 2010. Leishmaniasis was the most common infection observed and most of the patients presented with fever along with anaemia and pancytopenia. Bone marrow examination showed predominantly transient myelodysplasia, plasmacytosis, and hemophagocytosis along with associated fibrosis and necrosis. Another important feature observed was accumulation of mature plasma cells around capillaries along with increased iron stores in the marrow. Thus, these features are important indicators of infections and should lead to their vigilant search in the patient.

PMID:
21756544
[PubMed - in process]
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6. Parasitology. 2011 Jul 15:1-12. [Epub ahead of print]

Ichthyobodo salmonis sp. n. (Ichthyobodonidae, Kinetoplastida), an euryhaline ectoparasite infecting Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.).

Isaksen TE, Karlsbakk E, Watanabe K, Nylund A.

Source

Uni Research, Uni Environment, P.O. Box 7810, 5020 Bergen, Norway.

Abstract

SUMMARYPhylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences have previously revealed the existence of 2 Ichthyobodo species able to infect Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Ichthyobodo necator sensu stricto (s.s.) is assumed to be a freshwater parasite, while a genetically distinct but undescribed species, Ichthyobodo sp. II sensu Todal et al. (2004) have been detected on Atlantic salmon in both fresh- and seawater. In the present study a morphological description of Ichthyobodo sp. II from the gills of salmon reared in fresh-, brackish- and seawater is presented, using both light- and electron microscopy. Comparative morphometry show that Ichthyobodo sp. II from both freshwater and seawater displays a different cell shape, and is significantly smaller than I. necator s.s. Also, ultrastructural characteristics distinguish these two species, notably differences in the attachment region and the presence of spine-like surface projections in Ichthyobodo sp. II. Based on both unique SSU rDNA sequences and morphological characteristics, we conclude that Ichthyobodo sp. II. represents a novel species for which we propose the name Ichthyobodo salmonis sp. n.

PMID:
21756424
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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7. Arzneimittelforschung. 2011;61(5):317-25.

Mono-, di- and trisubstituted derivatives of eflornithine: synthesis for in vivo delivery of DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine in plasma.

Cloete TT, Johansson CC, N'Da DD, Vodnala SK, Rottenberg ME, Breytenbach JC, Ashton M.

Source

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to synthesize a series of mono-, di- and trisubstituted derivatives of the human African trypanosomiasis drug eflornithine (alpha-difluoromethylornithine, DMFO, CAS 70052-12-9) to determine their partition coefficients, and to assess whether they deliver the parent drug in the plasma. If increased plasma concentrations of eflornithine could be achieved in this way, an oral dosage form would be possible. The derivatives, nine in total, were successfully synthesized by multi-step derivatisation of eflornithine on either its alpha-carboxylic or/and alpha-amino or/and delta-amino groups by either esterification or/and amidation or/and carbamylation, and their structures confirmed by NMR and MS spectroscopy. The majority of derivatives were more lipophilic than eflornithine with log D values in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) ranging from -1.34 to 1.59 (vs. -0.98 for eflornithine). The in vivo absorption after oral administration to Sprague-Dawley rats showed that no derivative delivered eflornithine in the plasma, indicating that the derivatives were either not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or not metabolized to the parent drug. Two of the monosubstituted activities were toxic for T. brucei blood stream forms.

PMID:
21755816
[PubMed - in process]
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8. J Mol Evol. 2011 Feb;72(2):232-9. Epub 2010 Dec 16.

Role of everlasting triplet expansions in protein evolution.

Koren Z, Trifonov EN.

Source

Genome Diversity Center, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.

Abstract

Analysis of occurrence of simple amino acid repeats in large ensemble of prokaryotic and eukaryotic sequences reveals that nearly all amino acids found in the repeats belong to those which have in their codon repertoires aggressively expanding triplets, all of three known pathologically expanding classes GCU (GCU, CUG, UGC, AGC, GCA, CAG), GCC (GCC, CCG, CGC, GGC, GCG, CGG), and AAG (AAG, AGA, GAA, CTT, TTC, TCT). This is observed especially clear in the first exons of proteins of higher eukaryotes. The data are interpreted as manifestation of everlasting triplet expansions, which, presumably, started from the very origin of the triplet code. The spontaneous expansions continued to occur all the way during evolution, leaving their footprints in the protein-coding sequences as still visible simple amino acid repeats, as preferred triplets encoding the repeats, and as preferred codons in the codon usage tables.

PMID:
21161200
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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