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Sent on Thursday, 2011 Jul 21Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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| PubMed Results |
| 1. | Vet Med Int. 2011;2011:215964. Epub 2011 Jul 7.Methods of Control of the Leishmania infantum Dog Reservoir: State of the Art.Podaliri Vulpiani M, Iannetti L, Paganico D, Iannino F, Ferri N.SourceDivisione Veterinaria di Salute Pubblica, Istituto "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy. AbstractLeishmania infantum is a protozoan parasite causing severe vector-borne visceral diseases both in humans and dogs. The latter are the most important natural reservoir and therefore should be the main target of control measures. The real efficacy of seropositive dogs culling as a direct control method is still debated, and the new sensitivity of large part of population considers ethically unacceptable this kind of approach. Treatment of infectious dogs with one of the available therapeutic protocols is recommendable as it allows to reduce parasite burdens and therefore the possibility of transmission of Leishmania infantum to vectors. Vaccination has been proven to be a very effective control tool, but the absence of a commonly recognized diagnostic method able to distinguish vaccinate from seropositive individuals is still an important limit. Concerning indirect control methods, a number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of topical insecticides treatment (collars, spot-on, and sprays) in reducing incidence and prevalence of L. infantum. Also, the reduction of the odds of seroconversion in humans in endemic areas has been reported after the application of indirect control measures on dogs. The contemporary use of direct and indirect methods is even more effective in reducing seroprevalence in dogs. |
| 2. | Lab Anim (NY). 2011 Jul 20;40(8):246-51. doi: 10.1038/laban0811-246.Reproductive characteristics of a captive colony of big-eared climbing rats (Ototylomys phyllotis).Itzá-Ortiz M F, Van Wynsberghe NR, Sosa-Bibiano EI, Andrade-Narváez FJ.SourceInstituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. AbstractThe authors analyzed the breeding characteristics of a colony of Ototylomys phyllotis (big-eared climbing rat) from Campeche, México, that was bred in captivity for 6 y. The big-eared climbing rat is a reservoir of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana, a causal agent of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis on the Yucatán Peninsula. The colony had been established to facilitate studies analyzing the effectiveness of O. phyllotis as an experimental model for L. (L.) mexicana. The authors describe the housing and husbandry of the colony, the procedures used for mating the animals and the behavior of the animals during mating. They report that the animals showed social behavior and could be bred successfully. Most breeding pairs successfully produced litters; some pairs produced more than one litter. The authors also report data for other parameters, such as the interval between pairing and birth or between births of consecutive litters, litter size, survival to weaning, the timing of sexual maturity and the effects of breeder age on breeding success. |
| 3. | Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 May;4(5):367-70. Epub 2011 Jun 22.Detection of urinary antigens and their seroreactivity with serum of patients in Leishmania donovani infection.Kumar V, Gour JK, Bajpai S, Mishra M, Singh RK.SourceMolecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, India. AbstractOBJECTIVE:To detect leishmanial antigens in pre and post treated urine of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. METHODS:Urine and serum sample from three VL patients were collected. Ammonium sulphate precipitation and purification of urine sample was done for proteins isolation. SDS PAGE of proteins was done followed by western blotting, with the patient's pre and post treatment serum. RESULTS:Eight proteins of molecular weights 17 kDa, 25 kDa, 28 kDa, 42 kDa, 47 kDa, 54 kDa, 60 kDa and 85 kDa were detected in the urine of VL patients before treatment. After treatment with miltefosine, none of the above proteins was detected in urine samples. The western blot analysis with pre treatment serum confirmed the antigenicity of four urinary proteins of molecular weights 25 kDa, 28 kDa, 54 kDa and 60 kDa. The seropositivity with 25 kDa and 28 kDa antigens was negative with serum obtained after the completion of treatment. CONCLUSIONS:In the context to unavailability of a prognostic tool, urinary leishmanial antigens may offer a better choice and may also be useful as immunoprophylactic candidates. Copyright © 2011 Hainan Medical College. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| 4. | Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 May;4(5):337-41. Epub 2011 Jun 22.The effects of combination of methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica and diminazene diaceturate in the treatment of experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in rats.O moja V, Anaga A, Obidike I, Ihedioha T, Umeakuana P, Mhomga L, Asuzu Iu, Anika S.SourceDepartment of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. AbstractOBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of combination therapy of methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) and diminazene diaceturate (DDA) in the treatment of experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T. brucei brucei) infection in rats. METHODS:Acute toxicity study of the drug and extract combinations were done. Selection of the best drug and extract combinations was carried out using fifty four rats of both sexes separated into 9 groups. Three dose combinations were derived from selection of the best drug and extract combinations used for the final study viz: 7 mg/kg bw DDA plus 125 mg/kg bw extract (group B), 3.5 mg/kg bw DDA plus 250 mg/kg bw extract (group C), and 1.8 mg/kg bw DDA plus 500 mg/kg bw extract (group D). The final study had in addition to the three groups derived from the dose response study, four other groups viz: uninfected untreated negative control (group F), infected and treated with 3 000 mg/kg bw extract alone (group E), infected and treated with 7 mg/kg bw DDA alone (group A), and infected untreated positive control (group G). The parameters assessed were onset of parasitaemia (OP), level of parasitaemia (LOP), clearance of parasites post treatment (COPPT), relapse infection period (RIP), post infection survival period (PIST). RESULTS:There was no significant difference in OP between the groups (P < 0.05). One day post treatment, the mean LOP of groups A, B, and C were found to be significantly lower than that of group D which in turn was lower than that of group E and G respectively. The mean LOP of group E was significantly lower than group G two days post treatment and this trend continued throughout the experimental period. Mean COPPT of group D was significantly longer than that of groups A, C and B. There was no significant difference in the mean COPPT among groups B, C and A. The mean RIP of group D was significantly shorter than group C, and that of group C was significantly shorter than that of group A. There was no relapse of infection in group B. The PIST of group E did not differ significantly from group G. CONCLUSIONS:This experiment stands to conclude that combination of 125 mg/kg bw extract and 7 mg/kg bw DDA is very effective in the treatment of trypanosomosis, caused by T. brucei. This combination therapy proved to be better than single therapy of DDA. Copyright © 2011 Hainan Medical College. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| 5. | J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jul 8. [Epub ahead of print]Antileishmanial sesquiterpene lactones from Pseudelephantopus spicatus, a traditional remedy from the Chayahuita Amerindians (Peru). Part III.Odonne G, Herbette G, Eparvier V, Bourdy G, Rojas R, Sauvain M, Stien D.SourceCNRS - UMR Ecofog, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP792, 97337 Cayenne cedex, France; CNRS - UPS 2561, 2 Avenue Gustave Charlery, 97300 Cayenne, France. AbstractETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:The study of traditional remedies used by the Chayahuita, an ethnic group from the Peruvian Amazonia, has prompted us to investigate in detail the ethanolic extract of Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Juss. ex Aubl.) C.F. Baker, which has demonstrated strong biological activity towards Leishmania amazonensis. Our goal was to discover the active compound of this plant-based remedy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A bioguided fractionation of the crude extract was undertaken based on the biological activity recorded against Leishmania amazonensis axenic amastigotes in in vitro bioassays. RESULTS:Three strongly to moderately active compounds were isolated: two hirsutinolides (the 8,13-diacetyl-piptocarphol and the 8-acetyl-13-O-ethyl-piptocarphol) and ursolic acid. IC(50) against Leishmania amazonensis axenic amastigotes are respectively 0.2, 0.37 and 0.99μM (while IC(50) of amphotericin B is 0.41μM). These compounds have never been isolated from this plant species, and germacranolides have never been identified as potential antileishmanial agents. CONCLUSIONS:The compounds isolated from Pseudelephantopus spicatus account for the antileishmanial activity of the plant, thus giving support to its use by the Chayahuita in Peru. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. |
| 6. | Exp Parasitol. 2011 Jul 13. [Epub ahead of print]Leishmania amazonensis: Effects of oral treatment with copaiba oil in mice.Dos Santos AO, Costa MA, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, da Veiga-Júnior VF, de Souza Lima MM, Nakamura CV.SourcePrograma de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, CEP 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. AbstractLeishmaniasis is a severe public-health problem, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Efforts to find new, effective and safe oral agents for the treatment of leishmaniasis have been ongoing for several decades, in order to avoid the problems with the currently used antimonials. In the present study, we found that a copaiba oil oral treatment (Group IV) caused a significant reduction in the average lesion size (1.1±0.4mm) against Leishmania amazonensis lesions compared with untreated mice (Group I) (4.4±1.3mm). To prove the safety of the oil, the toxicity and genotoxicity were also determined. Histopathological evaluation did not reveal changes in the copaiba oil-treated animals compared to the control animals. In the mutagenicity evaluation, (micronucleus test) the dose tested (2000mg/kg) showed no genotoxic effects. Morphological and ultrastructural analyses demonstrated notable changes in parasite cells treated with this oleoresin. The main ultrastructural effect was mitochondrial swelling. We also demonstrated that in vitro copaiba oil treatment of L. amazonensis led to an increase in plasma membrane permeability, and depolarization in the mitochondrial membrane potential in parasite cells. Although the mechanism of action of the oleoresin is still unclear, these findings indicate that copaiba oil is a possible new drug, which would provide a safer, shorter, less-expensive, and more easily administered treatment for leishmaniasis. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
| 7. | Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Feb;4(2):97-100.Phlebotomus papatasi and Meriones libycus as the vector and reservoir host of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qomrood District, Qom Province, central Iran.Yavar R, Abedin S, Reza AM, Ali OM, Sina R, Mehdi M, Reza YE, Fatemeh M, Babak F.SourceDepartment of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. AbstractOBJECTIVE:To determine the sand flies species responsible for most transmission of Leishmania major (L. major) to human, as well as to determine the main reservoir hosts of the disease. METHODS:Sand flies were collected using sticky papers and mounted in Puri's medium for species identification. Rodents were trapped by live Sherman traps. Both sand flies and rodents were subjected to molecular methods for detection of leishmanial parasite. RESULTS:Phlebotomus papatasi (P. papatasi) was the common species in outdoor and indoor resting places. Employing PCR technique only three specimens of 150 P. papatasi (2%) were found naturally infected by parasites with a band of 350 bp which is equal to the L. major parasite. Forty six rodents were captured by Sherman traps and identified. Microscopic investigation on blood smear of the animals for amastigote parasites revealed 1 (3.22%) infected Meriones libycus (M. libycus). Infection of this animal to L. major was confirmed by PCR against rDNA loci of the parasite. CONCLUSIONS:This is the first molecular report of parasite infection of both vector (P. papatasi) and reservoir (M. libycus) to L. major in the region. The results indicated that P. papatasi was the primary vector of the disease and circulating the parasite between human and reservoirs and M. libycus was the most important host reservoir for maintenance of the parasite source in the area. Copyright © 2011 Hainan Medical College. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| 8. | PLoS One. 2011 Apr 4;6(4):e18371.MDL28170, a calpain inhibitor, affects Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis, ultrastructure and attachment to Rhodnius prolixus midgut.Ennes-Vidal V, Menna-Barreto RF, Santos AL, Branquinha MH, d'Avila-Levy CM.SourceLaboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AbstractBACKGROUND:Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. During the parasite life cycle, many molecules are involved in the differentiation process and infectivity. Peptidases are relevant for crucial steps of T. cruzi life cycle; as such, it is conceivable that they may participate in the metacyclogenesis and interaction with the invertebrate host. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:In this paper, we have investigated the effect of the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 on the attachment of T. cruzi epimastigotes to the luminal midgut surface of Rhodnius prolixus, as well as on the metacyclogenesis process and ultrastructure. MDL28170 treatment was capable of significantly reducing the number of bound epimastigotes to the luminal surface midgut of the insect. Once the cross-reactivity of the anti-Dm-calpain was assessed, it was possible to block calpain molecules by the antibody, leading to a significant reduction in the capacity of adhesion to the insect guts by T. cruzi. However, the antibodies were unable to interfere in metacyclogenesis, which was impaired by the calpain inhibitor presenting a significant reduction in the number of metacyclic trypomastigotes. The calpain inhibitor also promoted a direct effect against bloodstream trypomastigotes. Ultrastructural analysis of epimastigotes treated with the calpain inhibitor revealed disorganization in the reservosomes, Golgi and plasma membrane disruption. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:The presence of calpain and calpain-like molecules in a wide range of organisms suggests that these proteins could be necessary for basic cellular functions. Herein, we demonstrated the effects of MDL28170 in crucial steps of the T. cruzi life cycle, such as attachment to the insect midgut and metacyclogenesis, as well as in parasite viability and morphology. Together with our previous findings, these results help to shed some light on the functions of T. cruzi calpains. Considering the potential roles of these molecules on the interaction with both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, it is interesting to improve knowledge on these molecules in T. cruzi. |
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