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Sent on Tuesday, 2011 Nov 15Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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| PubMed Results |
| 1. | J Drug Target. 2011 Nov 14. [Epub ahead of print]Intracellular drug delivery in Leishmania-infected macrophages: evaluation of saponin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles.Van de Ven H, Ludwig A, Vermeersch M, Vandenbroucke RE, Matheeussen A, Apers S, Weyenberg W, De SC, Cos P, Maes L.SourceUniversity of Antwerp, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences , Universiteitsplein 1, CDE, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), 2610 Belgium. AbstractDrug delivery systems present an opportunity to potentiate the therapeutic effect of antileishmanial drugs. Colloidal carriers are rapidly cleared by the phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), rendering them ideal vehicles for passive targeting of antileishmanials. This paper describes the development of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) for the antileishmanial saponin ?-aescin. NPs were prepared using the combined emulsification solvent evaporation/salting-out technique. Confocal microscopy was used to visualise the internalisation and intracellular trafficking of fluorescein- and nile red-labelled PLGA NPs in J774A.1 macrophages infected with GFP-transfected Leishmania donovani. The in vitro activity of aescin and aescin-loaded NPs on L. infantum was determined in the axenic model as well as in the ex vivo model. The developed PLGA NPs were monodispersed with Z(ave)<300?nm, exhibited negative zeta potentials and had relatively high drug loadings ranging from 5.80 to 8.68% w/w PLGA. The fluorescent NPs were internalised by the macrophages and trafficked towards the lysosomes after 2?h in vitro incubation. Co-localisation of the NPs and the parasite was not shown. A two-fold increase in activity was observed in the ex vivo macrophage model by encapsulating ?-aescin in PLGA NPs (IC(50), 0.48?0.76 ?g/mL vs. 1.55???0.32 ?g/mL for the free drug). |
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| 2. | Ann Hematol. 2011 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print]Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent adult-case report and review of the literature.Koubâa M, Mâaloul I, Marrakchi C, Mdhaffar M, Lahiani D, Hammami B, Makni F, Ayedi A, Jemâa MB.SourceDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, 3029, Tunisia, makram.koubaa@gmail.com. |
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| 3. | J Immunol. 2011 Nov 11. [Epub ahead of print]Elongation Factor-2, a Th1 Stimulatory Protein of Leishmania donovani, Generates Strong IFN-γ and IL-12 Response in Cured Leishmania-Infected Patients/Hamsters and Protects Hamsters against Leishmania Challenge.Kushawaha PK, Gupta R, Sundar S, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Dube A.SourceDivision of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India; AbstractIn visceral leishmaniasis, Th1 types of immune responses correlate with recovery from and resistance to disease, and resolution of infection results in lifelong immunity against the disease. Leishmanial Ags that elicit proliferative and cytokine responses in PBMCs from cured/exposed/Leishmania patients have been characterized through proteomic approaches, and elongation factor-2 is identified as one of the potent immunostimulatory proteins. In this study, we report the cloning and expression of Leishmania donovani elongation factor-2 protein (LelF-2) and its immunogenicity in PBMCs of cured/exposed Leishmania-infected patients and hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Leishmania-infected cured/exposed patients and hamsters exhibited significantly higher proliferative responses to recombinant Lelf-2 (rLelF-2) than those with L. donovani-infected hosts. The soluble L. donovani Ag stimulated PBMCs of cured/exposed and Leishmania patients to produce a mixed Thl/Th2-type cytokine profile, whereas rLelF-2 stimulated the production of IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF-α but not IL-4 or IL-10. Further, rLelF-2 downregulated LPS-induced IL-10 as well as soluble L. donovani Ag-induced IL-4 production by Leishmania patient PBMCs. The immunogenicity of rLelF-2 was also checked in hamsters in which rLelF-2 generates strong IL-12- and IFN-γ-mediated Th1 immune response. This was further supported by a remarkable increase in IgG2 Ab level. We further demonstrated that rLelF-2 was able to provide considerable protection (∼65%) to hamsters against L. donovani challenge. The efficacy was supported by the increased inducible NO synthase mRNA transcript and Th1-type cytokines IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF-α and downregulation of IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β. Hence, it is inferred that rLelF-2 elicits a Th1 type of immune response exclusively and confers considerable protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. |
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| 4. | Acta Trop. 2011 Nov 6. [Epub ahead of print]The subgenus Adlerius Nitzulescu (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) in Iran.Akhoundi M, Parvizi P, Baghai A, Depaquit J.SourceUniversité de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, JE2533 - USC «Transmission vectorielle et épidémiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires (VECPAR)», Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims cedex, France; Pasteur Institute of Iran, Parasitology Department, Molecular systematics laboratory, Address: Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI), No. 69, Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran. AbstractPhlebotomine sandflies of the subgenus Adlerius (Diptera: Psychodidae) includes 20 described species and two unnamed from Afghanistan. The female sandflies of this subgenus are considered as indistinguishable morphologically and their identification is based on the identification of associated males. Some species of Adlerius are suspected vectors of visceral leishmaniasis and at least one species has been implicated as a vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Four species of Adlerius have been recorded in Iran in the past: P. brevis Theodor and Mesghali, 1964, P. halepensis Theodor, 1958, P. longiductus Parrot, 1928 and P. balcanicus Theodor, 1958. The present study based on a field work carried out all over Iran reports two new species in the country: Phlebotomus turanicus Artemiev 1974 and Phlebotomus salangensis Artemiev, 1978. They have been caught from the North-East of Iran in provinces bordering Turkmenistan and Afghanistan, respectively. A review of the distribution of the Adlerius species of Iran is proposed. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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| 5. | Acta Trop. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]Improved detection of Trypanosoma brucei by lysis of red blood cells, concentration and LED fluorescence microscopy.Biéler S, Matovu E, Mitashi P, Ssewannyana E, Bi Shamamba SK, Bessell PR, Ndung'u JM.SourceFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), 16 avenue de Budé, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland. AbstractConfirmatory diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis relies on demonstration of parasites in body fluids by bright field microscopy. The parasitaemia in infected patients and animals is usually low, and concentration methods are used to try and increase the chances of seeing parasites. Recently, fluorescence microscopes using light-emitting diodes (LED) have been developed. Since they emit strong light, their use does not require a dark room, making field application a possibility. We have combined LED fluorescence microscopy with lysis of red blood cells (RBC) to improve the sensitivity and speed of detecting trypanosomes. In studies conducted at four centers in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, parasitaemic blood was serially diluted and the RBCs lysed using commercial buffer. Samples were then concentrated by centrifugation, and different volumes of the sediment used to make thin and thick smears. Next, these were stained with acridine orange or Giemsa, and examined using an LED microscope under fluorescence or bright light, respectively. Detection of parasites was significantly improved by RBC lysis and concentration, regardless of the staining and microscopy method used. Further improvements were made when smears were prepared using larger volumes of sediment. The best results were obtained with thin smears prepared using 20μl of sediment and stained with acridine orange. The time taken to see the first parasite was dramatically reduced when smears were examined by LED fluorescence microscopy, compared to bright light. LED fluorescence microscopy was found to be easier and requiring less visual effort than bright field microscopy. These studies demonstrate the potential for incremental improvement in detection of Trypanosoma brucei by combining LED fluorescence microscopy with RBC lysis and concentration. The lysis and concentration method may also be useful in sample preparation for other diagnostic tests for trypanosomiasis. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier B.V. |
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| 6. | Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2011 Nov 11. [Epub ahead of print][Relapses of leishmaniasis in an HIV infected patient: a therapeutic challenge.] [Article in Spanish] Ruiz Ruiz S, Tasias Pitarch M, Delegido Sánchez-Migallón A, Pedrol Clotet E.SourceServicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Sant Pau i Santa Tecla, Tarragona, España. |
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| 7. | Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2011 Nov 11. [Epub ahead of print][Visceral leishmaniasis in two patients treated with methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis.] [Article in Spanish] García Olid B, Guirao Arrabal E, Alcalá Díaz JF, Fernández de la Puebla RA.SourceUnidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España. |
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| 8. | Vet J. 2011 Nov 11. [Epub ahead of print]Evaluation of the presence of Leishmania spp. by real-time PCR in the lacrimal glands of dogs with leishmaniosis.Naranjo C, Fondevila D, Altet L, Francino O, Ríos J, Roura X, Peña T.SourceDepartament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. AbstractLeishmania infantum infection is highly prevalent in endemic areas. Dogs with leishmaniosis may develop keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). The goals of this study were (1) to quantify Leishmania amastigotes in the Meibomian glands (MG), main lacrimal gland (MLG) and nictitating membrane gland (NMG) from dogs with leishmaniosis; (2) to compare these results to immunohistochemistry (IHC), and (3) to explore the association between the Leishmania parasite load and the presence of ocular clinical signs. Twenty-five dogs diagnosed with leishmaniosis were included. MG, MLG and NMG from both eyes were collected. Histopathology, IHC and real-time PCR were performed. All specimens yielded positive real-time PCR results. For all three glands, samples from dogs with ocular clinical signs had mean ΔCt (cycle threshold) values significantly lower (higher parasite loads) than those from dogs without signs. Cut-off values of ΔCt<0, ΔCt<4 and ΔCt<4.9 for MG, MLG and NMG, resulted in a likelihood ratio of positives of 5.9, 6.38 and 6.38, respectively. Samples with ΔCt values below the reported cut-off were significantly more likely to display clinical signs related to KCS than those with results above the cut-off, for all three glands. Similarly, ΔCt values below the cut-off were significantly associated with positive IHC. In this study real-time PCR has been standardised for use in MG, MLG and NMG. A cut-off value established for each of these tissues may aid the clinician in the discrimination between ocular signs related to Leishmania from those associated with other causes of KCS. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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| 9. | Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2011 Oct 28. [Epub ahead of print]Mapping of VSG similarities in Trypanosoma brucei.Weirather JL, Wilson ME, Donelson JE.SourceInterdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA. AbstractThe protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei switches its variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) to subvert its mammalian hosts' immune responses. The T. brucei genome contains as many as 1600 VSG genes (VSGs), but most are silent noncoding pseudogenes. Only one functional VSG, located in a telomere-linked expression site, is transcribed at a time. Silent VSGs are copied into a VSG expression site through gene conversion. Truncated gene conversion events can generate new mosaic VSGs with segments of sequence identity to other VSGs. To examine the VSG family sub-structure within which these events occur, we combined the available VSG sequences and annotations with scripted BLAST searches to map the relationships among VSGs in the T. brucei genome. Clusters of related VSGs were visualized in 2- and 3-dimensions for different N- and C-terminal regions. Five types of N-termini (N1-N5) were observed, within which gene recombinational events are likely to occur, often with fully-coding 'functional' or 'atypical'VSGs centrally located between more dissimilar VSGs. Members of types N1, N3 and N4 are most closely related in the middle of the N-terminal region, whereas type N2 members are more similar near the N-terminus. Some preference occurs in pairing between specific N- and C-terminal types. Statistical analyses indicated no overall tendency for more related VSGs to be located closer in the genome than less related VSGs, although exceptions were noted. Many potential mosaic gene formation events within each N-terminal type were identified, contrasted by only one possible mosaic gene formation between N-terminal types (N1 and N2). These data suggest that mosaic gene formation is a major contributor to the overall VSG diversity, even though gene recombinational events between members of different N-terminal types occur only rarely. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier B.V. |
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