What's new for 'Trypanosomatids' in PubMed

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Sent on Thursday, 2011 Nov 17
Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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PubMed Results

Items 1 - 4 of 4

1.	PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e26984. Epub 2011 Nov 8. Post Eclosion Age Predicts the Prevalence of Midgut Trypanosome Infections in Glossina. Walshe DP, Lehane MJ, Haines LR. Source Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom. Abstract The teneral phenomenon, as observed in Glossina sp., refers to the increased susceptibility of the fly to trypanosome infection when the first bloodmeal taken is trypanosome-infected. In recent years, the term teneral has gradually become synonymous with unfed, and thus fails to consider the age of the newly emerged fly at the time the first bloodmeal is taken. Furthermore, conflicting evidence exists of the effect of the age of the teneral fly post eclosion when it is given the infected first bloodmeal in determining the infection prevalence. This study demonstrates that it is not the feeding history of the fly but rather the age (hours after eclosion of the fly from the puparium) of the fly when it takes the first (infective) bloodmeal that determines the level of fly susceptibility to trypanosome infection. We examine this phenomenon in male and female flies from two distinct tsetse clades (Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina palpalis palpalis) infected with two salivarian trypanosome species, Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei brucei and Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense using Fisher's exact test to examine differences in infection rates. Teneral tsetse aged less than 24 hours post-eclosion (h.p.e.) are twice as susceptible to trypanosome infection as flies aged 48 h.p.e. This trend is conserved across sex, vector clade and parasite species. The life cycle stage of the parasite fed to the fly (mammalian versus insect form trypanosomes) does not alter this age-related bias in infection. Reducing the numbers of parasites fed to 48 h.p.e., but not to 24 h.p.e. flies, increases teneral refractoriness. The importance of this phenomenon in disease biology in the field as well as the necessity of employing flies of consistent age in laboratory-based infection studies is discussed.
	PMID: 22087240 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

2.	Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2011 Sep;28(3):446-453. [Identification of Leishmania species in patients and phlebotomines in transmission areas in a region of Perú] [Article in Spanish] Córdov a O, Vargas F, Hashiguchi Y, Kato H, Gómez E. Source Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, La Libertad, Perú Abstract Objectives. To identify the species of Leishmania present in the skin lesions of patients and Lutzomyias living in endemic areas of La Libertad, Peru. Materials and methods. Molecular methods based on PCR and RFLP were used, which allowed to have efficient data with small amounts of samples (small specimens), due to their high sensitivity and ease of application in the field work. Results. The results of PCR of clinical samples of patients and insect vectors showed the presence of Leishmania (V.) peruviana as a major causative agent of andean leishmaniasis transmitted by Lutzomyia peruensis. The presence of Leishmania (V.) guyanensis in Lutzomyia ayacuchensis, was found as well. Conclusions. The presence of L. (V.) peruviana and L. (V.) guyanensis in the Andean areas under study was found. These findings remark the need of a wider research about the geographical distribution of L. (V.) guyanensis and clinical features related to the infection in endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
	PMID: 22086624 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

3.	Vaccine. 2011 Nov 11. [Epub ahead of print] The development and clinical evaluation of second-generation leishmaniasis vaccines. Duthie MS, Raman VS, Piazza FM, Reed SG. Source Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1124 Columbia St, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. Abstract Infection with Leishmania parasites results in a range of clinical manifestations and outcomes. Control of Leishmania parasite transmission is extremely difficult due to the large number of vectors and potential reservoirs, and none of the current treatments are ideal. Vaccination could be an effective strategy to provide sustained control. In this review, the current global situation with regard to leishmaniasis, the immunology of Leishmania infection and various efforts to identify second generation vaccine candidates are briefly discussed. The variety of clinical trials conducted using the only current second generation vaccine approved for clinical use, LEISH-F1+MPL-SE, are described. Given that epidemiological evidence suggests that reducing the canine reservoir also positively impacts human incidence, efforts at providing a vaccine for leishmaniasis in dogs are highlighted. Finally, potential refinements and surrogate markers that could expedite the introduction of a vaccine that can limit the severity and incidence of leishmaniasis are discussed. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
	PMID: 22085553 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

4.	Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print] Thiol-based posttranslational modifications in parasites. Jortzik E, Wang L, Becker K. Source Justus Liebig University Giessen, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Giessen, Germany; Esther.Jortzik@ernaehrung.uni-giessen.de. Abstract Significance: Cysteine residues of proteins participate in the catalysis of biochemical reactions, are crucial for redox reactions, and influence protein structure by the formation of disulfide bonds. Covalent posttranslational modifications of cysteine residues are important mediators of redox regulation and signaling by coupling protein activity to the cellular redox state, and moreover influence stability, function, and localization of proteins. A diverse group of protozoan and metazoan parasites are a major cause of diseases in humans, such as malaria, African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, and schistosomiasis. Recent Advances: Human parasites undergo dramatic morphological and metabolic changes while they pass complex life cycles and adapt to changing environments in host and vector. These processes are in part regulated by posttranslational modifications of parasitic proteins. In human parasites, posttranslational cysteine modifications are involved in crucial cellular events such as signal transduction (S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation), redox regulation of proteins (S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation), protein trafficking and subcellular localization (palmitoylation and prenylation), as well as invasion into and egress from host cells (palmitoylation). This review focusses on the occurrence and mechanisms of these cysteine modifications in parasites. Critical issues: Studies on cysteine modifications in human parasites are so far largely based on in vitro experiments. Future Directions: The in vivo regulation of cysteine modifications and their role in parasite development will be of great interest in order to understand redox signaling in parasites.
	PMID: 22085115 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]