What's new for 'Trypanosomatids' in PubMed

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Sent on Saturday, 2012 April 28
Search: kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"

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PubMed Results

Items 1 - 5 of 5

1.	PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35670. Epub 2012 Apr 23. Evaluation of Leishmania donovani Protein Disulfide Isomerase as a Potential Immunogenic Protein/Vaccine Candidate against Visceral Leishmaniasis. Kushawaha PK, Gupta R, Tripathi CD, Sundar S, Dube A. Source Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India. Abstract In Leishmania species, Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) - a redox chaperone, is reported to be involved in its virulence and survival. This protein has also been identified, through proteomics, as a Th1 stimulatory protein in the soluble lysate of a clinical isolate of Leishmania donovani (LdPDI). In the present study, the molecular characterization of LdPDI was carried out and the immunogenicity of recombinant LdPDI (rLdPDI) was assessed by lymphocyte proliferation assay (LTT), nitric oxide (NO) production, estimation of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12) as well as IL-10 in PBMCs of cured/endemic/infected Leishmania patients and cured L. donovani infected hamsters. A significantly higher proliferative response against rLdPDI as well as elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 were observed. The level of IL-10 was found to be highly down regulated in response to rLdPDI. A significant increase in the level of NO production in stimulated hamster macrophages as well as IgG2 antibody and a low level of IgG1 in cured patient's serum was observed. Higher level of IgG2 antibody indicated its Th1 stimulatory potential. The efficacy of pcDNA-LdPDI construct was further evaluated for its prophylactic potential. Vaccination with this construct conferred remarkably good prophylactic efficacy (∼90%) and generated a robust cellular immune response with significant increases in the levels of iNOS transcript as well as TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12 cytokines. This was further supported by the high level of IgG2 antibody in vaccinated animals. The in vitro as well as in vivo results thus indicate that LdPDI may be exploited as a potential vaccine candidate against visceral Leishmaniasis (VL).
	PMID: 22539989 [PubMed - in process]

2.	Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012 Apr 25. [Epub ahead of print] A reassessment of immune correlates in human visceral leishmaniasis as defined by cytokine release in whole blood. Singh OP, Gidwani K, Kumar R, Jones SL, Boelaert M, Sacks D, Sundar S. Source Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India. Abstract Depressed cell mediated immunity in human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), revealed as the inability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to respond to Leishmania antigen, remains a hallmark of and is thought to underlie the progressive nature of this disease. We have recently reported the ability of a whole blood, IFN-γ release assay to detect sub-clinical infections amongst healthy individuals living in the kala-azar endemic zone in Bihar, India, and the surprising result that patients with active VL also secreted significant levels of antigen-specific IFN-γ in this assay. We were interested to extend these findings to a larger cohort of subjects, and to employ the whole blood assay to detect additional cytokines that might better correlate with the disease status of infected individuals. We evaluated IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 release in 35 patients with active VL, 54 cured VL, 27 patients with other diseases, 52 Non-Endemic Healthy Controls (NEHC), and 147 Endemic Healthy Controls (EHC). The cellular response of the EHCs was correlated with their serological antibody titers against L. donovani and Phlebotomus argentipes saliva. The whole blood cells from the majority of both active (80%) and cured (85%) VL patients, as well as 24% of EHCs with presumed sub-clinical infections, produced significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ. The findings do not support a severe Th1 response defect in kala-azar. Importantly, only the active VL patients also produced IL-10, which in conjunction with IFN-γ better reflects the immune responses that distinguish active cases from cured or sub-clinically infected, immune individuals.
	PMID: 22539471 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

3.	Proteomics. 2012 Mar;12(6):832-44. doi: 10.1002/pmic.201100505. A proteogenomic approach to map the proteome of an unsequenced pathogen - Leishmania donovani. Pawar H, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Renuse S, Keerthikumar S, Sharma J, Kumar GS, Venugopal A, Sekhar NR, Kelkar DS, Nemade H, Khobragade SN, Muthusamy B, Kandasamy K, Harsha HC, Chaerkady R, Patole MS, Pandey A. Source Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis or kala azar is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. There is no published report on L. donovani genome sequence available till date, although the genome sequences of three related Leishmania species are already available. Thus, we took a proteogenomic approach to identify proteins from two different life stages of L. donovani. From our analysis of the promastigote (insect) and amastigote (human) stages of L. donovani, we identified a total of 22322 unique peptides from a homology-based search against proteins from three Leishmania species. These peptides were assigned to 3711 proteins in L. infantum, 3287 proteins in L. major, and 2433 proteins in L. braziliensis. Of the 3711 L. donovani proteins that were identified, the expression of 1387 proteins was detectable in both life stages of the parasite, while 901 and 1423 proteins were identified only in promastigotes and amastigotes life stages, respectively. In addition, we also identified 13 N-terminally and one C-terminally extended proteins based on the proteomic data search against the six-frame translated genome of the three related Leishmania species. Here, we report results from proteomic profiling of L. donovani, an organism with an unsequenced genome. © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
	PMID: 22539434 [PubMed - in process]

4.	J Invertebr Pathol. 2012 Apr 19. [Epub ahead of print] Tissue distribution and transmission routes for the tsetse fly endosymbionts. Balmand S, Lohs C, Aksoy S, Heddi A. Source INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; Université de Lyon, F-69003 Lyon, France. Abstract The tsetse fly Glossina is the vector of the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei spp., which causes Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan African countries. To supplement their unbalanced vertebrate bloodmeal diet, flies permanently harbor the obligate bacterium Wigglesworthia glossinidia, which resides in bacteriocytes in the midgut bacteriome organ as well as in milk gland organ. Tsetse flies also harbor the secondary facultative endosymbionts (S-symbiont) Sodalis glossinidius that infects various tissues and Wolbachia that infects germ cells. Tsetse flies display viviparous reproductive biology where a single embryo hatches and completes its entire larval development in utero and receives nourishments in the form of milk secreted by mother's accessory glands (milk glands). To analyze the precise tissue distribution of the three endosymbiotic bacteria and to infer the way by which each symbiotic partner is transmitted from parent to progeny, we conducted a Fluorescence In situ Hybridization (FISH) study to survey bacterial spatial distribution across the fly tissues. We show that bacteriocytes are mono-infected with Wigglesworthia, while both Wigglesworthia and Sodalis are present in the milk gland lumen. Sodalis was further seen in the uterus, spermathecae, fat body, milk and intracellular in the milk gland cells. Contrary to Wigglesworthia and Sodalis, Wolbachia were the only bacteria infecting oocytes, trophocytes, and embryos at early embryonic stages. Furthermore, Wolbachia were not seen in the milk gland and in the fat body. This work further highlights the diversity of symbiont interactions in multipartner associations and supports two maternal routes of symbiont inheritance in the tsetse fly: Wolbachia through oocytes, and, Wigglesworthia and Sodalis by means of milk gland bacterial infection at early post-embryonic stages. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Inc.
	PMID: 22537833 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

5.	Scand J Immunol. 2012 Apr 26. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02717.x. [Epub ahead of print] American tegumentary leishmaniasis: cytokines and nitric oxide in active disease and after clinical cure, with or without chemotherapy. de Assis Souza M, Castro MC, de Oliveira AP, de Almeida AF, de Campos Reis L, da Silva CJ, de Brito ME, Pereira VR. Source Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM/FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo (IMT/USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil Núcleo de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente do Município de Moreno, Moreno, PE, Brasil. Abstract The influence of immune response on the treatment of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is pointed by several authors, and the existence of protective immunity in self-healed patients is also suggested. Thus, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-) 10, IL-17, IL-22 and nitric oxide (NO) production were determined in PBMC culture supernatants from patients with active disease and after therapy, self-healed patients and healthy subjects, in response to the soluble antigen of L. (V.) braziliensis. It was demonstrated that, during active disease, there is a predominance of IFN-γ and TNF-α, indicating a proinflammatory phase of the response; IL-17 is also highlighted at this clinical state. Also, TNF-α was slightly increased in patients after therapy. NO secretion was noted in self-healed individuals, while IL-17 appeared in low levels in these patients and seems to be regulated by NO. The presence of IL-10 was observed in all groups of patients. From this study, we can suggest that in active disease and after clinical cure, with or without chemotherapy, specific cellular immunity takes part against Leishmania, but with some similarities between the clinical states. Thus, it indicates that the mediators herein described are necessary for the cure to occur. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
	PMID: 22537157 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]