What's new for 'Trypanosomatids' in PubMed

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Sent on Tuesday, 2012 May 15
Search: kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"

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PubMed Results

Items 1 - 10 of 14

1.	Appl Geogr. 2012 May 1;34:189-204. Epub 2011 Dec 7. Tsetse Fly Control in Kenya's Spatially and Temporally Dynamic Control Reservoirs: A Cost Analysis. McCord PF, Messina JP, Campbell DJ, Grady SC. Source Department of Geography, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 218 Manly Miles Building, 1405 S. Harrison Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States of America. Abstract Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) are significant health concerns throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa. Funding for tsetse fly control operations has decreased since the 1970s, which has in turn limited the success of campaigns to control the disease vector. To maximize the effectiveness of the limited financial resources available for tsetse control, this study develops and analyzes spatially and temporally dynamic tsetse distribution maps of Glossina subgenus Morsitans populations in Kenya from January 2002 to December 2010, produced using the Tsetse Ecological Distribution Model. These species distribution maps reveal seasonal variations in fly distributions. Such variations allow for the identification of "control reservoirs" where fly distributions are spatially constrained by fluctuations in suitable habitat and tsetse population characteristics. Following identification of the control reservoirs, a tsetse management operation is simulated in the control reservoirs using capital and labor control inputs from previous studies. Finally, a cost analysis, following specific economic guidelines from existing tsetse control analyses, is conducted to calculate the total cost of a nationwide control campaign of the reservoirs compared to the cost of a nationwide campaign conducted at the maximum spatial extent of the fly distributions from January 2002 to December 2010. The total cost of tsetse management within the reservoirs sums to $14,212,647, while the nationwide campaign at the maximum spatial extent amounts to $33,721,516. This savings of $19,508,869 represents the importance of identifying seasonally dynamic control reservoirs when conducting a tsetse management campaign, and, in the process, offers an economical means of fly control and disease management for future program planning.
	PMID: 22581989 [PubMed]

2.	Int J STD AIDS. 2012 Apr;23(4):289-90. Successful therapeutic splenectomy in an HIV patient with relapsing visceral leishmaniasis. Alon D, Chowers M. Source Infectious Diseases Unit, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel. Abstract A 43-year-old HIV-positive Ethiopian immigrant presented with persistent diarrhoea, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopaenia. Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed by multiple gastrointestinal tract biopsies. Blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive for Leishmania donovani. Despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and multiple courses of antileishmanial treatments, including liposomal amphotericin and sodium stibogluconate, the patient had multiple relapses. CD4 counts remained at 40-60 cells/µL although viral loads were undetectable. Splenectomy resulted in resolution of the patient's pancytopaenia and in rising CD4 levels, which enabled a long-lasting remission.
	PMID: 22581957 [PubMed - in process]

3.	J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 May 11. [Epub ahead of print] Novel immunomodulatory function of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives with leishmanicidal activity. Pourrajab F, Forouzannia SK, Tabatabaee SA. Source Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Abstract OBJECTIVES: Previously, some nitroheteroaryl-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were identified to have potent activity against Leishmania sp. The present aim was to complete the in vitro analysis, thereby investigating the in vivo efficiency of the analogues 15a, 21a and 21b against infected BALB/c mice. METHODS: Following parasite inoculation and intraperitoneal drug administration (5 and 20 mg/kg/day) for 5 days, the course and size of cutaneous lesions, histopathology of the liver, parasite loads in the spleen through limiting dilution assay as well as spleen cell activation assays through cytokine secretion profiles were studied in BALB/c mice, over a period of 23 and 30 days post-drug injections. RESULTS: The analogues significantly decreased lesion size and progression of infection in the liver and spleen, and were associated with granuloma formation, which correlates with disease regression in the liver of murine hosts. Moreover, the analogues had immunomodulatory effects, stimulating interferon-γ expression and suppressing interleukin-10 and interleukin-5 production, favouring type-1 immune responses and resolution of the parasitic infection. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight marked differences between the responses of key anatomical organs to the thiadiazole derivatives in comparison with the current antileishmanial drug, meglumine antimoniate. The in vivo observations provide further evidence on the efficiency of the compounds for Leishmania treatment. The immunomodulatory function plays an essential role in enhancing cell-mediated immunity for complete clearance of the pathogen.
	PMID: 22581907 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

4.	Int J Parasitol. 2012 May 8. [Epub ahead of print] Proliferating bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei use a negligible part of consumed glucose for anabolic processes. Haanstra JR, van Tuijl A, van Dam J, van Winden W, Tielens AG, van Hellemond JJ, Bakker BM. Source Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Department of Paediatrics, Centre for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands. Abstract Our quantitative knowledge of carbon fluxes in the long slender bloodstream form (BSF) Trypanosoma brucei is mainly based on non-proliferating parasites, isolated from laboratory animals and kept in buffers. In this paper we present a carbon balance for exponentially growing bloodstream form trypanosomes. The cells grew with a doubling time of 5.3 h, contained 46 μmol of carbon (10(8) cells)(-1) and had a glucose consumption flux of 160 nmol min(-1) (10(8) cells)(-1). The molar ratio of pyruvate excreted versus glucose consumed was 2.1. Furthermore, analysis of the (13)C label distribution in pyruvate in (13)C-glucose incubations of exponentially growing trypanosomes showed that glucose was the sole substrate for pyruvate production. We conclude that the glucose metabolised in glycolysis was hardly, if at all, used for biosynthetic processes. Carbon flux through glycolysis in exponentially growing trypanosomes was 10 times higher than the incorporation of carbon into biomass. This biosynthetic carbon is derived from other precursors present in the nutrient rich growth medium. Furthermore, we found that the glycolytic flux was unaltered when the culture went into stationary phase, suggesting that most of the ATP produced in glycolysis is used for processes other than growth. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
	PMID: 22580731 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

5.	Nitric Oxide. 2012 Apr 28. [Epub ahead of print] Leishmania chagasi naturally resistant to nitric oxide isolated from humans and dogs with visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Santos PL, Costa RV, Braz JM, Santos LF, Batista AC, Vasconcelos CR, Rangel MR, Ribeiro de Jesus A, de Moura TR, Leopoldo PT, Almeida RP. Source Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Aracaju, Brazil. Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role as a leishmanicidal agent in mouse macrophages. NO resistant Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been associated with poor outcomes of their resulting diseases. NO resistant Leishmania braziliensis has also been identified and exacerbates the clinical course of human leishmaniasis. We report, for the first time, natural resistance of Leishmania chagasi promastigotes to NO. These parasites were isolated from humans and dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. We also demonstrate that this resistance profile was associated with a greater survival capacity and a greater parasite burden in murine macrophages, independent of activation and after activation by IFN-γ and LPS. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
	PMID: 22580230 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

6.	Exp Parasitol. 2012 May 10. [Epub ahead of print] Leishmania donovani: CD2 biased immune response skews the SAG mediated therapy for a predominant Th1 response in experimental infection. Bimal S, Sinha S, Singh SK, Narayan S, Kumar V, Verma N, Ranjan A, Sinha PK, Das VN, Pandey K, Kar SK, Das P. Source Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna-800007, India. Abstract We have evaluated the effect of combining CD2 with conventional antimonial (sb) therapy in protection in BALB/c mice infected with either drug sensitive or resistant strain of Leishmania donovani with 3x107 parasites via-intra-cardiac route. Mice were treated with anti CD2 adjunct SAG sub-cutaneously twice a week for 4 weeks. Assessment for measurement of weight, spleen size, anti-Leishmania antibody titre, Tcell and anti-leishmanial macrophage function was carried out day 0, 10, 22 and 34 post treatments. The combination therapy was shown boosting significant proportion of Tcells to express CD25 compared to SAG monotherapy. Although, the level of IFNγ was not statistically different between combination vs monotherapy (p=0.298) but CD2 treatment even alone significantly influenced IFNγ production than either SAG treatment (p=0.045) or with CD2 adjunct SAG treatment (p=0.005) in LD-S strain as well as in LDR strain. The influence of CD2 adjunct treatment was also documented in anti-leishmanial functions in macrophages. As shown, the super-oxide generation began enhancing very early on day 10 after SAG treatment with CD2 during which SAG action was at minimum. Interestingly, the super-oxide generation ability remained intact in macrophage after treatment with immuno-chemotherapy even in mice infected with Leishmania resistant strain. Unlike SAG treatment, treatment of SAG with CD2 also led to production of nitric oxide and TNF-α, resulting in resulting in most effective clearance of L. donovani from infected macrophages. Our results indicate that CD2, which can boost up a protective Th1 response, might also be beneficial to enable SAG to induce Macrophages to produce Leishmanicidal molecules and hence control the infection in clinical situation like Kala-azar. Drug resistance is the major impedance for disease control but the encouraging results obtained after infecting mice with resistant strain of the parasite strongly imply that this drug can be effective even in treating resistant cases of Kala-azar. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Inc.
	PMID: 22580024 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

7.	Exp Parasitol. 2012 May 10. [Epub ahead of print] Leishmania donovani recombinant iron superoxide dismutase B1 protein in the presence of TLR-based adjuvants induces partial protection of BALB/c mice against Leishmania major infection. Daifalla NS, Bayih AG, Gedamu L. Source University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Room 374, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. Abstract In this study, we tested the protective efficacy of recombinant L. donovani iron superoxide dismutase B1 (SODB1) against L. major infection in BALB/c mice. Mice were challenged with L. major three weeks after the second boost immunization with rSODB1 alone or in the presence of adjuvants. Injection of BALB/c mice with rSODB1 alone elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses. Administration of rSODB1 with CpG ODN or GLA-SE (a synthetic toll-like receptor 4 agonist) adjuvant resulted in the induction of anti-SODB1 IgG1, and more importantly of significantly high levels of IgG2a isotype. Immunization of mice with rSODB1 alone or with adjuvant induced the production of IFN- by splenocytes in response to stimulation with L. major soluble leishmanial antigens (SLA). Moreover, immunization protocols involving rSODB1 resulted in a significant decrease in IL-10 as compared to controls. The presence of CpG ODN or GLA-SE adjuvant in the immunization protocols resulted in a relative increase in IFN- in response to stimulation with rSODB1 in comparison to immunization with rSODB1 alone. Mice immunized with rSODB1 plus CpG ODN or GLA-SE, were able to partially control their Leishmania infections, as indicated by the reduction in footpad swelling and parasite numbers, compared to controls. These results suggest that immunization with recombinant SODB1 protein together with CpG ODN or GLA-SE can be potential vaccine candidate against leishmaniasis. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Inc.
	PMID: 22580023 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

8.	Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012 May 9. [Epub ahead of print] Occurrence of Trypanosoma caninum in areas overlapping with leishmaniasis in Brazil: what is the real impact of canine leishmaniasis control? Barros JH, Almeida AB, Figueiredo FB, Sousa VR, Fagundes A, Pinto AG, Baptista C, Madeira MF. Source Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Abstract Trypanosoma caninum is a parasite of the Trypanosoma genus recently described in the natural infection of dogs in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Suspecting the existence of a natural cycle and the circulation of this new species, the objective of this study was the taxonomic identification of samples of Trypanosoma spp. isolated from dogs in different Brazilian regions. Parasites were solely obtained from skin fragments culture and characterized by nested-PCR targeting the partial sequence of 18S rRNA gene and PCR products were sequenced. Thirty-three samples, obtained in São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Rio de Janeiro states were analyzed. PCR and sequencing showed that the isolates were genetically identical or closely similar and confirmed T. caninum identity. This report broadens the geographical distribution of T. caninum in Brazil and discusses the impact of the presence of this parasite in areas of canine leishmaniasis occurrence. Copyright © 2012 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
	PMID: 22579558 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

9.	Parasitol Int. 2012 May 2. [Epub ahead of print] Effect of HIV protease inhibitors on New World Leishmania. Demarchi IG, Silveira TG, Ferreira IC, Lonardoni MV. Source Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR, Brazil. Abstract The incidence of HIV/Leishmania co-infection decreases after antiretroviral drug therapy; therefore, the in vitro and in vivo activity of three antiretroviral drugs against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis was evaluated. Different concentrations of indinavir (IDV), atazanavir (ATV), and ritonavir (RTV) were added to promastigote cultures, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined. IDV and RTV were also evaluated against intracellular amastigotes, and the Infection Index determined. BALB/c mice, infected with L. (L.) amazonensis in the left footpad, were treated orally with IDV and RTV for 30days, and monitored by measuring the footpad thickness and parasite load of regional lymph nodes and spleen. For promastigotes, IDV exhibited an IC50 value of 100μM against L.(L.) amazonensis. The RTV IC50 for L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis were 40 and 2.3μM, respectively, and the ATV IC50 for L. (V.) braziliensis was 266μM. For intracellular amastigotes, IDV (25, 50, and 100μM) significantly decreased the Infection Index of L. (L.) amazonensis (56.8%, 47.9%, and 65.0%) and L. (V.) braziliensis (37.8%, 48.7%, and 43.2%). RTV (12.5, 25, and 50μM) decreased the infection index of L. (L.) amazonensis by 26.3%, 42.4%, and 44.0%, and that of L. (V.) braziliensis by 27.6%, 37.3%, and 39.2%. Antiretroviral-treated mice had a significant reduction in footpad thickness after the third week of IDV and after the fifth week of RTV treatment. However, there was no reduction in parasite load. These results suggest that IDV and RTV have anti-Leishmania activity, but only in higher concentrations. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
	PMID: 22579524 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

10.	Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012 May 10. [Epub ahead of print] A proposed new clinical staging system for patients with mucosal leishmaniasis. Lessa HA, Lessa MM, Guimarães LH, Lima CM, Arruda S, Machado PR, Carvalho EM. Source Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Abstract Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) occurs mainly in areas where Leishmania braziliensis is transmitted. It affects predominantly the nasal mucosa and, in more severe forms, can lead to significant tissue destruction. There is no standard method for grading the severity of disease. We categorised 50 patients with ML according to a proposed new clinical staging system. Their age ranged from 10 to 86 y (mean±SD: 36±16 y) and 43 (86%) patients were male. The different degrees of evolution of mucosal disease, from the initial stage to the more severe long-term cases, enabled ML to be graded into five stages. Stage I is characterised by nodular lesions of the mucosa without ulceration. Stage II is represented by superficial mucosal ulcerations with concomitant fine granular lesions. Stage III is characterised by deep mucosal ulcerations with granular tissue formation. In stage IV there are irreversible lesions leading to perforation of the cartilaginous nasal septum with necrosis. In stage V the nasal pyramid is compromised with alterations of facial features as a consequence of severe tissue destruction. These stages may be useful in characterising the severity of the lesion and optimising therapeutic outcome. Copyright © 2012 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
	PMID: 22578516 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]