Saturday, August 22, 2009

What's new for 'Trypanosomatids' in PubMed

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Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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PubMed Results
Items 1 -9 of 9

1: PLoS Pathog. 2009 Aug;5(8):e1000555. Epub 2009 Aug 21.Click here to read

Proteophosophoglycans regurgitated by Leishmania-infected sand flies target the L-arginine metabolism of host macrophages to promote parasite survival.

Rogers M, Kropf P, Choi BS, Dillon R, Podinovskaia M, Bates P, Müller I.

Department of Immunology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK. matthew.rogers@imperial.ac.uk

All natural Leishmania infections start in the skin; however, little is known of the contribution made by the sand fly vector to the earliest events in mammalian infection, especially in inflamed skin that can rapidly kill invading parasites. During transmission sand flies regurgitate a proteophosphoglycan gel synthesized by the parasites inside the fly midgut, termed promastigote secretory gel (PSG). Regurgitated PSG can exacerbate cutaneous leishmaniasis. Here, we show that the amount of Leishmania mexicana PSG regurgitated by Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies is proportional to the size of its original midgut infection and the number of parasites transmitted. Furthermore, PSG could exacerbate cutaneous L. mexicana infection for a wide range of doses (10-10,000 parasites) and enhance infection by as early as 48 hours in inflamed dermal air pouches. This early exacerbation was attributed to two fundamental properties of PSG: Firstly, PSG powerfully recruited macrophages to the dermal site of infection within 24 hours. Secondly, PSG enhanced alternative activation and arginase activity of host macrophages, thereby increasing L-arginine catabolism and the synthesis of polyamines essential for intracellular parasite growth. The increase in arginase activity promoted the intracellular growth of L. mexicana within classically activated macrophages, and inhibition of macrophage arginase completely ablated the early exacerbatory properties of PSG in vitro and in vivo. Thus, PSG is an essential component of the infectious sand fly bite for the early establishment of Leishmania in skin, which should be considered when designing and screening therapies against leishmaniasis.

PMID: 19696894 [PubMed - in process]

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2: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Aug 18. [Epub ahead of print]Click here to read

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in North-Western Yemen: A clinicoepidemiologic study and Leishmania species identification by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.

Khatri ML, Di Muccio T, Gramiccia M.

Department of Dermatology, Saudi Hospital at Hajjah, Sana'a, yemen Republic.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is widespread in Yemen, but not fully documented. OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicoepidemiologic profile of CL in the northwestern region of Yemen Republic and to identify the responsible Leishmania species by molecular methods. METHODS: All 265 CL cases (176 males and 89 females) were subjected to detailed analysis. Diagnosis was based on clinical features, positive slit skin smear, and histopathologic findings in some cases. In 198 cases, positive smears were examined at the Leishmania Reference Centre of Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome (Italy), by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis for Leishmania typing. RESULTS: All patients were Yemeni nationals, originated from 10 governorates of northwestern Yemen. Most of the patients had a single noduloulcerative lesion on the face suggestive of "dry"-type CL. Slit skin smear was positive in 255 cases (96.23%). Leishmania sp PCR was positive in all 198 cases examined; the RFLP analysis was positive in 155 samples with the following identification results: L tropica in 133 cases (85.80%), L infantum in 17 (10.97%), and L donovani in 5 (3.23%). LIMITATIONS: This was a prospective study of CL cases at one center only; hence, the full extent of the disease in the entire region cannot be predicted. CONCLUSION: CL appears to be endemic in northwestern region of Yemen, clinically presenting as 'dry' type, caused mainly by L tropica (85.8% of cases) and occasionally by L infantum (10.97%) and L donovani (3.23%). There is a need for a multicenter study to evaluate the extent of the disease and diffusion of each Leishmania responsible species (J Am Acad Dermatol 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.04.047.).

PMID: 19695737 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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3: Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2009 Sep;103(6):555-9.

Isolated lymphadenopathy in Leishmania infantum infection: three case reports.

Pomares-Estran C, Cenderello G, Ittel A, Karsenti JM, Cardot-Leccia N, Vassalo M, Hasseine L, Delaunay P, Rosenthal E, Marty P.

Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital de l'Archet, Nice Cedex 3, France. estran-pomares.c@chu-nice.fr

PMID: 19695161 [PubMed - in process]

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4: Vet Dermatol. 2009 Aug 19. [Epub ahead of print]

Histopathological differences between canine idiopathic sebaceous adenitis and canine leishmaniosis with sebaceous adenitis.

Bardagí M, Fondevila D, Zanna G, Ferrer L.

Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.

Abstract Sebaceous adenitis (SA) may be idiopathic (ISA) or associated with other disorders. The purpose of the present study was to compare the cutaneous histopathology of SA in cases in which Leishmania organisms were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with that of cases diagnosed as ISA. Skin sections of 29 patients were evaluated histologically and divided into two groups, one characterized by several epidermal and subepidermal lesions, a granulomatous to pyogranulomatous nodular to diffuse dermatitis involving the sebaceous glands and a positive IHC for Leishmania spp. The other group was characterized by orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, follicular keratosis with different degrees of pyogranulomatous to granulomatous SA, lack of nodular dermatitis and a negative IHC for Leishmania spp. Hidradenitis was present in both groups. From these results it can be concluded that SA in canine Leishmaniosis (CL) is usually present together with a nodular to diffuse dermal infiltrate and epidermal and subepidermal lesions, and that SA in the absence of dermal inflammation is probably not associated with or suggestive of CL, even in regions where the disease is endemic.

PMID: 19695011 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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5: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2009 Jul-Aug;49(5):195-8.

Study of sympathetic skin response in visceral leishmaniasis.

Kazemi B, Jazayeri SM, Moghtaderi AR, Rajaei Z.

Department of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Neurologic changes in visceral leishmaniasis are rarely reported. Some articles have reported symptoms suggestive of peripheral neuropathy and showed some degree of axonal degeneration and demyelination. The main purpose of the present study was to identify and quantitatively evaluate sympathetic dysfunction in VL. METHOD: Twenty patients with visceral leishmaniasis and 20 healthy controls were studied. All the patients and controls were examined at first and skin sympathetic response was measured in all of the patients and control group by standard protocol. RESULTS: The patients had mean age of 24.2 +/- 17.8 months. The SSR to the electrical stimulus was absent in 10 patients with VL. In four patients all responses were present and, in four patients only one response from hand or foot was present and, in two cases responses were present from both hands. For right median nerve, median latency was 2.4 (min: 1.19, max: 6.92) seconds. CONCLUSION: In conclusion impairment of SSR was demonstrated electrophysiologically in the patients with visceral leishmaniasis.

PMID: 19694207 [PubMed - in process]

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6: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Aug;81(2):235-9.Click here to read LinkOut

Nonspecific lymphocytic myocarditis in baboons is associated with Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

Andrade MC, Dick EJ Jr, Guardado-Mendoza R, Hohmann ML, Mejido DC, VandeBerg JL, DiCarlo CD, Hubbard GB.

Department of Primatology, Center for Laboratory Animal Breeding, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. andrade@fiocruz.br

Non-specific lymphocytic myocarditis (NLM) is frequently observed in baboons within the endemic range of Trypanosoma cruzi. We sought to determine whether T. cruzi infection is a cause of baboon NLM. We evaluated serial histologic sections of cardiac muscle, blood cultures, immunohistochemistry, serology, polymerase chain reaction, and clinical pathology from 31 baboons with NLM to determine whether T. cruzi infection is associated with NLM. Eleven baboons with no evidence of T. cruzi infection by serology and no NLM were used as controls. Seropositivity for T. cruzi was 45% in baboons with NLM compared with a 2-3% colony prevalence. NLM lesion severity was significantly higher in seropositive than seronegative baboons with NLM. NLM was significantly more common in older baboons. No statistical association between NLM and sex, weight, or clinical pathology was found. These results suggest an association between NLM and T. cruzi infection in the baboon.

PMID: 19635876 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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7: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Aug;81(2):228-34.Click here to read LinkOut

Polymerase chain reaction detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in Macaca fascicularis using archived tissues.

Williams JT, Mubiru JN, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE, Rubicz RC, VandeBerg JL, Dick EJ Jr, Hubbard GB.

Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas 78245-0549, USA.

This study describes conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods developed to detect and quantify Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks archived for periods of up to 6 years. The highest concentration of T. cruzi DNA was found in the myocardium, urinary bladder, stomach, lymph node, adrenal gland, and colon. The concentration of T. cruzi DNA detected in cardiac tissues was 10-100-fold greater than found elsewhere; the mean concentrations of T. cruzi DNA in non-cardiac tissues were otherwise comparable. Trypanosoma cruzi DNA was amplified from cerebrum but not cerebellum or kidney. Successful use of DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks is important because most pathology laboratories routinely archive wax blocks. This archived resource can be used for further studies on the prevalence of this disease.

PMID: 19635875 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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8: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Aug;81(2):219-22.Click here to read LinkOut

Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi among Teenek Amerindian residents of the Huasteca region in San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Juarez-Tobias S, Vaughan G, Torres-Montoya A, Escobar-Gutierrez A.

Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública de San Luis Potosí, Servicios de Salud de San Luis Potosí, Mexico, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. soljuarezlesp@hotmail.com

Scarce information on the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi among Amerindians is available, and the distribution of this disease in Mexican Indian populations is unknown. In this study, the presence of specific antibodies against T. cruzi among Teenek Amerindians in nine different communities located in San Luis Potosi State was analyzed. An average seroprevalence of 6.5% was found in these populations, suggesting that active transmission of disease occurs in this relatively isolated population in Mexico, and therefore, further studies should be conducted to identify risk factor associated to Chagas disease in other isolated populations across the country to determine the prevalence of Chagas disease in Mexican Amerindians.

PMID: 19635873 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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9: Cad Saude Publica. 2008 Oct;24(10):2323-33.Click here to read LinkOut

[An entomological and seroepidemiological study of Chagas' disease in an area in central-western Venezuela infested with Triatoma maculata (Erichson 1848)]

[Article in Spanish]

Rojas ME, Várquez P, Villarreal MF, Velandia C, Vergara L, Morán-Borges YH, Ontiveros J, Yelitza Calderón M, Chiurillo-Siervo MA, Rodríguez-Bonfante Cdel C, Aldana E, Concepción JL, Bonfante-Cabarcas RA.

Decanato de Medicina, Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela.

This article presents a study on seroepidemiological, entomologic, and risk factors for domiciliary infestation in a circumscribed area infested with Triatoma maculata in Parroquia Xaguas, Urdaneta Municipality, Lara State, Venezuela. One hundred and forty households, 509 persons, and 110 dogs were sampled. Serum anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies were determined by means of ELISA and MABA techniques using recombinant antigens. Tr. cruzi infection in the triatomines was determined by direct microscopy and PCR. According to the results, 1.57% of humans and 6.36% of dogs were positive for serum anti-Tr. cruzi antibodies. Triatomine species were: 97.98% T. maculata, 1.65% Eratyrus mucronatus, and 0.37% Panstrongylus geniculatus. Vector indices were: 0.36% vector infection, 16.4% household infestation, 39.1% household colonization, 8.6% household co-infestation, and 100% vector dispersion. Domiciliary and peridomiciliary infestation was associated with the presence of chickens and disorderly goat corrals, chicken coops, and domiciliary distribution. The results strongly suggest that T. maculata is the predominant Tr. cruzi vector in the area and that due to its capacity to infest and colonize human dwellings, it could be involved in Chagas' disease transmission.

PMID: 18949234 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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