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Sent on Friday, 2010 Apr 30Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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| 1. | Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2010 Mar;105(2):208-15.Study of sand fly fauna in an endemic area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and canine visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Espírito Santo do Pinhal, São Paulo, Brazil.Colla-Jacques FE, Casanova C, Prado AP.Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil. fernandacolla@gmail.com AbstractCanine American visceral leishmaniasis and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) cases have been recorded in Espírito Santo do Pinhal. The aim of this study was to gather knowledge of the sand fly community and its population ecology within the municipality. Captures were made weekly over a period of 15 months in the urban, periurban and rural areas of the municipality, using automatic light traps. A total of 5,562 sand flies were collected, comprising 17 species. The most abundant species were Nyssomyia whitmani and Pintomyia pessoai in the rural area, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Ny. whitmani in the periurban area and Lu. longipalpis in the urban area. The highest species richness and greatest index species diversity were found in the rural area. The similarity index showed that urban and periurban areas were most alike. Lu. longipalpis was found in great numbers during both dry and humid periods. The presence of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum chagasi in the urban area indicates a high risk for the establishment of the disease in the region. A high abundance of Ny. whitmani and Pi. pessoai in the rural and periurban areas indicates the possibility of new cases of ACL occurring in and spreading to the periurban area of Espírito Santo do Pinhal. |
| PMID: 20428683 [PubMed - in process] | |
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| 2. | Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2010 Mar;105(2):184-90.Chemical composition and antiprotozoal activities of Colombian Lippia spp essential oils and their major components.Escobar P, Milena Leal S, Herrera LV, Martinez JR, Stashenko E.Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales. pescobarwww@yahoo.co.uk AbstractThe chemical composition and biological activities of 19 essential oils and seven of their major components were tested against free and intracellular forms of Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi parasites as well as Vero and THP-1 mammalian cell lines. The essential oils were obtained from different species of Lippia, a widely distributed genus of Colombian plants. They were extracted by microwave radiation-assisted hydro-distillation and characterised by GC-FID and GC-MS. The major components were geranial, neral, limonene, nerol, carvacrol, p-cymene, gamma-terpinene, carvone and thymol. The essential oil of Lippia alba exhibited the highest activity against T. cruzi epimastigotes and intracellular amastigotes with an IC50 of 5.5 microg/mL and 12.2 microg/mL, respectively. The essential oil of Lippia origanoides had an IC50 of 4.4 microg/mL in L. chagasi promastigotes and exhibited no toxicity in mammalian cells. Thymol (IC50 3.2 +/- 0.4 microg/mL) and S-carvone (IC50 6.1 +/- 2.2 microg/mL), two of the major components of the active essential oils, were active on intracellular amastigotes of T. cruziinfected Vero cells, with a selective index greater than 10. None of the essential oils or major components tested in this study was active on amastigotes of L. chagasi infected THP-1 cells. |
| PMID: 20428679 [PubMed - in process] | |
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| 3. | Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2010 Mar;105(2):168-73.Chemistry, cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of the essential oil from Piper auritum.Monzote L, García M, Montalvo AM, Scull R, Miranda M.Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba. monzote@ipk.sld.cu AbstractLeishmaniasis is one of the most important parasitic infections, but current treatments are unsatisfactory due to their toxicity, cost and resistance. Therefore, the development of new antileishmanial compounds is imperative. Many people who live in endemic areas use plants as an alternative to treat the disease. In this paper, we characterised the essential oil from Piper auritum, evaluated its cytotoxicity and determined its antileishmanial activity. The chromatogram obtained by gas chromatography revealed 60 peaks and we found that safrole was the most abundant compound, composing 87% of the oil. The oil was active against the promastigotes of Leishmania major, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania donovani with a favourable selectivity index against peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. The Piper-oil inhibited the growing of intracellular amastigotes of L. donovani with an IC50 value of 22.3 +/- 1.8 microg/mL. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the essential oils as a promising alternative to treat leishmaniasis. |
| PMID: 20428676 [PubMed - in process] | |
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| 4. | Rev Saude Publica. 2010 Apr 30. pii: S0034-89102010005000004. [Epub ahead of print][Detection of Leishmania braziliensis DNA in American tegumentary leishmaniasis patients.][Article in Portuguese] Martins L, Alexandrino A, Guimarães G.Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil. AbstractDiagnostic tests for American tegumentary leishmaniasis were performed on blood samples of patients living in two endemic municipalities in the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. DNA was extracted from 119 samples and used as template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The tests used primers specific for the kinetoplast mini-circle DNA (kDNA) of Leishmania braziliensis, a species circulating in Pernambuco, which amplify a 750 base pair target sequence. In total, 58 subjects (48.7%) showed positive PCR amplification and 61 (51.3%) were negative. Of the PCR-positive samples, 37 ( congruent with64%) were from treated, lesion-free subjects. In conclusion, the PCR technique is efficacious at identifying Leishmania DNA in biopsy and venous blood samples. |
| PMID: 20428600 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 5. | Bull World Health Organ. 2010 Mar;88(3):206-10.Elimination of neglected tropical diseases in the South-East Asia Region of the World Health Organization.Narain JP, Dash AP, Parnell B, Bhattacharya SK, Barua S, Bhatia R, Savioli L.Department of Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia, IP Estate, Mahatama Gandhi Road, New Delhi 110002, India. narainj@searo.who.int AbstractThe neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), which affect the very poor, pose a major public health problem in the South-East Asia Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). Although more than a dozen NTDs affect the region, over the past five years four of them in particular - leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) and yaws - have been targeted for elimination. These four were selected for a number of reasons. First, they affect the WHO South-East Asia Region disproportionately. For example, every year around 67% of all new leprosy cases and 60% of all new cases of visceral leishmaniasis worldwide occur in countries of the region, where as many as 850 million inhabitants are at risk of contracting lymphatic filariasis. In addition, several epidemiological, technological and historical factors that are unique to the region make each of these four diseases amenable to elimination. Safe and effective tools and interventions to achieve these targets are available and concerted efforts to scale them up, singly or in an integrated manner, are likely to lead to success. The World Health Assembly and the WHO Regional Committee, through a series of resolutions, have already expressed regional and global commitments for the elimination of these diseases as public health problems. Such action is expected to have a quick and dramatic impact on poverty reduction and to contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. This paper reviews the policy rationale for disease control in the WHO South-East Asia Region, the progress made so far, the lessons learnt along the way, and the remaining challenges and opportunities. |
| PMID: 20428388 [PubMed - in process] | |
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| 6. | Bull World Health Organ. 2010 Jan;88(1):11-2.Education is key to controlling visceral leishmaniasis.Killick-Kendrick R.AbstractCostly and onerous treatment as well as resistance to drugs and pesticides are major challenges to the ambitious goal of eliminating visceral leishmaniasis. However, Dr Robert Killick-Kendrick is optimistic about recent advances in treatment and control. |
| PMID: 20428347 [PubMed - in process] | |
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| 7. | Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010 Apr 26. [Epub ahead of print]Overexpression of histone H2A modulates drug susceptibility in Leishmania p arasites.Singh R, Kumar D, Duncan RC, Nakhasi HL, Salotra P.Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India; Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, MD, USA. AbstractResistance to antimonials has emerged as a major hurdle to the treatment and control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also know as kala-azar (KA), the disease caused by Leishmania donovani, in India where >60% of KA patients are unresponsive to sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) treatment. Determinants of resistance in laboratory strains are partly known, however the mechanism operating in field isolates is not well understood. In microarray-based expression profiling with RNA isolated from field isolates of drug-resistant and -sensitive L. donovani parasites, genes encoding histone 1 (H1), histone 2A (H2A), histone 4 (H4), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and two hypothetical proteins showed significantly higher expression in antimony-resistant parasites, whilst genes encoding an amino acid transporter showed higher expression in sensitive parasites. The expression level of these genes was validated by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, the higher expression of H1, H2A and MAPK1 was confirmed at the protein level in resistant isolates. Overexpression of H2A in a drug-sensitive laboratory strain as well as a field isolate of L. donovani resulted in conversion of SAG-sensitive Leishmania parasites into a resistant phenotype. Moreover, H2A overexpression resulted in a significant decrease in susceptibility towards other antileishmanial drugs currently in use, i.e. amphotericin B and miltefosine, pointing to its role in drug resistance. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. |
| PMID: 20427152 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 8. | Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010 Apr 28. [Epub ahead of print]First Detection of Leishmania major in Rattus norvegicus from Fars Province, Southern Iran.Motazedian MH, Parhizkari M, Mehrabani D, Hatam G, Asgari Q.1 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran . AbstractAbstract Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis is an important health problem in Iran and a great economic burden on the health resources. In southern Iran (Fars Province), Meriones libycus was reported as the main reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Arsanjan and Marvdasht cities, and Tatera indica and Gerbillus spp. were the reservoirs reported in Larestan and Kharameh districts. Because of an increase in human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Fars Province, this study was performed to identify the rodent hosts in this region. From April 2004 to April 2006, live traps were used to catch rodents in different parts of Fars Province. Fifty-seven Rattus norvegicus were caught and checked for Leishmania infection using a combination of microscopy, culture, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme electrophoresis. One female R. norvegicus was found to be smear positive for amastigotes in Giemsa-stained skin sample of sole, and it was also culture positive for Leishmania. Results of PCR and isoenzyme electrophoresis indicated that this infected rodent was harboring Leishmania major. PCR was also positive for L. major in biopsy of soles, ear, liver, and spleen of 29 other R. norvegicus hosts that were negative in smears and cultures. There were no lesions seen in any parts of infected rodents' bodies. As L. major has not been previously reported in R. norvegicus in Iran or elsewhere, the rodent can be considered as a possible reservoir in transmission of the disease in Fars Province, and it should be brought into consideration when planning for preventive measures. |
| PMID: 20426685 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 9. | Dis Aquat Organ. 2010 Feb 17;88(3):207-14.Patterns of Ichthyobodo necator sensu stricto infections on hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Norway.Isaksen TE, Karlsbakk E, Sundnes GA, Nylund A.Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgaten 55, 5020 Bergen, Norway. trond.isaksen@bio.uib.no AbstractInfection patterns with ectoparasitic flagellates belonging to the genus Ichthyobodo were studied in an Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (L.) hatchery in western Norway during an 11 mo period, from eyed eggs to smoltification. Since the earlier species designation Ichthyobodo necator (sensu lato, s.l.) has been shown to represent a complex of several species, the epizootiology of different Ichthyobodo spp. is poorly known. Therefore, we employed molecular methods to ascertain the specific identity of the parasites detected in our study. Only I. necator in the recently redefined and restricted sense occurred (I. necator sensu stricto, s.s.). We observed a 2-peak pattern of infection; the first peak occurred among fry in March and the second peak among fingerlings and pre-smolt in August and September. Skin lesions observed on fingerlings and pre-smolt were significantly associated with Ichthyobodo infections. Also, these infections were negatively correlated with both haematocrit values (Hct) and the condition factor (K) of the fish. The patterns of infection on the farmed salmon suggest that I. necator s.s. is an opportunistic parasite of salmon, flourishing in periods when susceptible hosts are present and the environment favours parasite proliferation. Our study is the first to detect and identify I. necator s.s. on wild-caught adult salmonids (brown trout S. trutta L.). Wild salmonids and sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.) caught in the lakes serving as a water supply to the hatchery were found infected with I. necator s.s., hence these are the likely sources of parasites entering the hatchery via the inlet water. |
| PMID: 20377010 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] | |
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| 10. | Parasite. 2009 Dec;16(4):305-8.Epidemiological study of canine trypanosomosis in an urban area of Ivory Coast.Keck N, Herder S, Kaba D, Solano P, Gomez J, Cuny G, Davoust B.Laboratoire de recherches et de coordination sur les trypanosomoses, Institut de recherche pour le développement / Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, TA A-17/G 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. AbstractFollowing confirmed cases of trypanosomosis in military working dogs, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate the source of infection and determine the prevalence of canine infection with Trypanosoma congolense in the urban focus of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Blood from 123 dogs were collected and subjected to PCR using specific primers for Trypanosoma congolense "forest type". In addition, an entomological study was conducted in an urban area near the forest surronding the military camp. The observed prevalence was 30.1% and PCR positivity to Trypanosoma congolense was not significantly associated with sex or age of animals. This study demonstrates the high contamination rate of dogs in enzootic zones, the potential risk of introduction of the disease in free animal populations and the ability of Glossina palpalis to adapt to urban areas and to transmit trypanosomosis in such areas. The factors leading to a possible emergence of canine trypanosomiasis in enzootic zones need further investigations. |
| PMID: 20092062 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] | |
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