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Sent on Tuesday, 2011 Feb 22Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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| PubMed Results |
| 1. | Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2011 Feb 16. [Epub ahead of print]The serum of rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) has antimicrobial activity to some pathogenic organisms and a novel serum L-amino acid oxidase is isolated.Wang F, Li R, Xie M, Li A.Key Laboratory for Aquatic Products Safety of Ministry of Education/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, PR China. AbstractThe serum of rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) has been confirmed previously to have killing effect to Cryptocaryon irritans, an important marine ciliate protozoan that causes a disease referred to as "marine white spot disease". Herein, we find the serum of the rabbitfish also shows antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and has killing effect on two other parasites: Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Results of scanning electron microscopy indicated that after treating with rabbitfish serum, the surface of the Staphylococcus aureus was wrinkled and pores were formed on the surface of Escherichia coli. Serum of the rabbitfish possesses a strong killing effect to I. multifiliis in vitro, causing a similar effect as to C. irritans. The serum of rabbitfish also showed strong killing effect to T. b. brucei in vitro, with the minimus trypanocidal titre (MTT) only to be 1.5% in 1h. Results of laser confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated that rabbitfish serum could also induce cell rupture of T. b. brucei. A novel antimicrobial protein (SR-LAAO) was isolated from the serum of rabbitfish by using ultrafiltration, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE). Results of gel overlay assay showed that the protein could act alone to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and E.coli. Results of western blot and automated Edman degradation showed that it was the same as the antiparasitic protein (APP) reported before to have killing effect on C. irritans. Full length cDNA sequence of the SR-LAAO was cloned. BLAST research suggested that the cDNA of SR-LAAO has a close similarity with a number of L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) and possesses two conserved motifs that exist in LAAOs. Combined, these results demonstrate that this protein which has antimicrobial activity to some pathogenic organisms was a novel LAAO found in the serum of rabbitfish. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated tissue specific expression and localization of SR-LAAO in the spleen, kidney, gill and blood of the rabbitfish, but was not found in other tissues. These results suggest that this protein may contribute considerably to the host non-specific immune defense mechanism to combat microbes of the rabbitfish and has the potency for using in future drug development. Crown Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
| PMID: 21333741 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 2. | J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2011 Feb 21. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00533.x. [Epub ahead of print]Inositolphosphoceramide Metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi as Compared with other Trypanosomatids.DE Lederkremer RM, Agusti R, Docampo R.CHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellon 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Cellular Biology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA. AbstractABSTRACT. Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and is endemic to North, Central and South American countries. Current therapy against this disease is only partially effective and produces adverse side effects. Studies on the metabolic pathways of T. cruzi, in particular those with no equivalent in mammalian cells, might identify targets for the development of new drugs. Ceramide is metabolized to inositolphosphoceramide (IPC) in T. cruzi and other kinetoplastid protists whereas in mammals it is mainly incorporated into sphingomyelin. In T. cruzi, in contrast to Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania spp., IPC functions as lipid anchor constituent of glycoproteins and free glycosylinositolphospholipids (GIPLs). Inhibition of IPC and GIPLs biosynthesis impairs differentiation of trypomastigotes into the intracellular amastigote forms. The gene encoding IPC synthase in T. cruzi has been identified and the enzyme has been expressed in a cell-free system. The enzyme involved in IPC degradation and the remodelases responsible for the incorporation of ceramide into free GIPLs or into the glycosylphosphatidylinositols anchoring glycoproteins, and in fatty acid modifications of these molecules of T. cruzi have been understudied. Inositolphosphoceramide metabolism and remodeling could be exploited as targets for Chagas disease chemotherapy. © 2011 The Author(s). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology © 2011 International Society of Protistologists. |
| PMID: 21332877 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 3. | Parasite Immunol. 2011 Feb 19. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01285.x. [Epub ahead of print] Department of Animal Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Animal Production and Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. AbstractInflammation causes increases in the level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which, in central nervous system (CNS), are associated with neuroinflammation and disruption of blood-brain-barrier. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is pivotal for detecting diseases in CNS and, although a specific diagnosis may not be achieved, this analysis is helpful to confirm the diagnosis or to rule out relevant differential diagnoses. This study examined the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the CSF of dogs using gelatin zymography to verify possible alterations in these enzymes during natural systemic infection with Leishmania chagasi. Latent and active forms of MMP-2 were detected in some dogs of both groups, with high levels in the control group. In contrast, latent and active forms of MMP-9 were detected only in some animals with leishmaniasis. These results clearly demonstrate that MMP-9 is elevated in CSF of dogs with VL. Although these results are preliminary, they suggest that MMP-9 might play a role in disruption of blood-brain-barrier and/or blood-CSF-barrier. While the presence of MMPs in CSF is not a condition exclusive to VL, their presence and persistence in CSF supports the hypothesis of an inflammatory state within CNS of dogs with VL. Copyright © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |
| PMID: 21332759 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 4. | Phytochemistry. 2011 Jan;72(1):89-93. Epub 2010 Nov 1.Phenolic analogs of the N,C-coupled naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid ancistrocladinium A, from Ancistrocladus cochinchinensis (Ancistrocladaceae), with improved antiprotozoal activities.Bringmann G, Hertlein-Amslinger B, Kajahn I, Dreyer M, Brun R, Moll H, Stich A, Ioset KN, Schmitz W, Ngoc LH.Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. bringman@chemie.uni-wuerzburg.de AbstractThe first N,8'-coupled naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids with free phenolic OH groups, 4'-O-demethylancistrocladinium A and 6,4'-O-didemethylancistrocladinium A, have been isolated from the leaves and bark of the Vietnamese liana Ancistrocladus cochinchinensis, along with its known, non-phenolic parent compound, ancistrocladinium A, and four C,C-coupled representatives. The structure elucidation was achieved by chemical, spectroscopic, and chiroptical methods. The mono-phenolic alkaloid showed excellent activities in particular against the pathogen causing Chagas' disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
| PMID: 21047659 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] | |
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| 5. | PLoS One. 2010 Sep 27;5(9):e13012.Trypanosomiasis-induced Th17-like immune responses in carp.Ribeiro CM, Pontes MJ, Bird S, Chadzinska M, Scheer M, Verburg-van Kemenade BM, Savelkoul HF, Wiegertjes GF.Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. AbstractBACKGROUND: In mammalian vertebrates, the cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 consists of a heterodimer between p35 and p40 subunits whereas interleukin-23 is formed by a heterodimer between p19 and p40 subunits. During an immune response, the balance between IL-12 and IL-23 can depend on the nature of the pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognized by, for example TLR2, leading to a preferential production of IL-23. IL-23 production promotes a Th17-mediated immune response characterized by the production of IL-17A/F and several chemokines, important for neutrophil recruitment and activation. For the cold blooded vertebrate common carp, only the IL-12 subunits have been described so far. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Common carp is the natural host of two protozoan parasites: Trypanoplasma borreli and Trypanosoma carassii. We found that these parasites negatively affect p35 and p40a gene expression in carp. Transfection studies of HEK293 and carp macrophages show that T. carassii-derived PAMPs are agonists of carp TLR2, promoting p19 and p40c gene expression. The two protozoan parasites induce different immune responses as assessed by gene expression and histological studies. During T. carassii infections, in particular, we observed a propensity to induce p19 and p40c gene expression, suggestive of the formation of IL-23. Infections with T. borreli and T. carassii lead to an increase of IFN-γ2 gene expression whereas IL-17A/F2 gene expression was only observed during T. carasssii infections. The moderate increase in the number of splenic macrophages during T. borreli infection contrasts the marked increase in the number of splenic neutrophilic granulocytes during T. carassii infection, along with an increased gene expression of metalloproteinase-9 and chemokines. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study that provides evidence for a Th17-like immune response in fish in response to infection with a protozoan parasite. |
| PMID: 20885956 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] | |
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| 6. | PLoS One. 2010 Sep 10;5(9). pii: e12667.Claudin 13, a member of the claudin family regulated in mouse stress induced erythropoiesis.Thompson PD, Tipney H, Brass A, Noyes H, Kemp S, Naessens J, Tassabehji M.Cancer Immunogenetics, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. AbstractMammals are able to rapidly produce red blood cells in response to stress. The molecular pathways used in this process are important in understanding responses to anaemia in multiple biological settings. Here we characterise the novel gene Claudin 13 (Cldn13), a member of the Claudin family of tight junction proteins using RNA expression, microarray and phylogenetic analysis. We present evidence that Cldn13 appears to be co-ordinately regulated as part of a stress induced erythropoiesis pathway and is a mouse-specific gene mainly expressed in tissues associated with haematopoietic function. CLDN13 phylogenetically groups with its genomic neighbour CLDN4, a conserved tight junction protein with a putative role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, suggesting a recent duplication event. Mechanisms of mammalian stress erythropoiesis are of importance in anaemic responses and expression microarray analyses demonstrate that Cldn13 is the most abundant Claudin in spleen from mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense. In mice prone to anaemia (C57BL/6), its expression is reduced compared to strains which display a less severe anaemic response (A/J and BALB/c) and is differentially regulated in spleen during disease progression. Genes clustering with Cldn13 on microarrays are key regulators of erythropoiesis (Tal1, Trim10, E2f2), erythrocyte membrane proteins (Rhd and Gypa), associated with red cell volume (Tmcc2) and indirectly associated with erythropoietic pathways (Cdca8, Cdkn2d, Cenpk). Relationships between genes appearing co-ordinately regulated with Cldn13 post-infection suggest new insights into the molecular regulation and pathways involved in stress induced erythropoiesis and suggest a novel, previously unreported role for claudins in correct cell polarisation and protein partitioning prior to erythroblast enucleation. |
| PMID: 20844758 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] | |
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