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Sent on Saturday, 2011 May 21Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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| PubMed Results |
| 1. | Trends Parasitol. 2011 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]Urban parasitology: visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.Harhay MO, Olliaro PL, Costa DL, Costa CH.SourceGraduate Program in Public Health Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. AbstractSince the early 1980s, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which is, in general, a rural zoonotic disease, has spread to the urban centers of the north, and now the south and west of Brazil. The principal drivers differ between cities, though human migration, large urban canid populations (animal reservoir), and a decidedly peripatetic and adaptable sand fly vector are the primary forces. The exact number of urban cases remains unclear as a result of challenges with surveillance. However, the number of urban cases registered continues to increase annually. Most control initiatives (e.g. culling infected dogs and household spraying to kill the sand fly) could be effective, but have proven hard to maintain at large scales due to logistical, financial and other reasons. In this article, the urbanization of VL in Brazil is reviewed, touching on these and other topics related to controlling VL within and outside Brazil. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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| 2. | Vet J. 2011 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]Humoral and cellular immune responses in dogs with inapparent natural Leishmania infantum infection.Coura-Vital W, Marques MJ, Giunchetti RC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Moreira ND, Vitoriano-Souza J, Vieira PM, Carneiro CM, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA, Carneiro M, Reis AB.SourceLaboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Epidemiologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. AbstractMolecular analysis, serology and immunophenotyping for T lymphocytes and their subsets, B lymphocytes and monocytes were performed on dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Animals were categorised as asymptomatic dogs I (AD-I), with negative serology and positive molecular results, and asymptomatic dogs II (AD-II), with positive serology and positive molecular results, and these were compared to symptomatic dogs (SD) and control dogs (CD). AD-I exhibited immunophenotypic features similar to those of CD, including isotype profiles and concentrations of monocytes. Similar biomarkers were found in AD-II and SD, such as, higher levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgG2, IgM and IgA and higher concentrations of eosinophils. High frequencies of T lymphocytes and CD4(+) T cells were observed in both AD-I and AD-II compared to SD, whereas CD8(+) T cells were higher only in AD-II compared with SD. Analysis of B lymphocytes revealed an increased frequency of this cell type only in AD-II animals compared with SD. Asymptomatic dogs appear to have a dichotomous infection spectrum that can influence the humoral and cellular immunological status during canine visceral leishmaniasis. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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| 3. | Phytomedicine. 2011 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]Plant derived therapeutics for the treatment of Leishmaniasis.Sen R, Chatterjee M.SourceDepartment of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya JC Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700020, India. AbstractDiseases caused by insect borne trypanosomatid parasites are significant, yet remain a neglected public health problem. Leishmania, a unicellular protozoan parasite is the causative organism of Leishmaniasis and is transmitted by female phlebotamine sandflies affecting millions of people worldwide. In the wake of resistance to pentavalent antimonial drugs, new therapeutic alternatives are desirable. The plant kingdom has in the past provided several affordable compounds and this review aims to provide an overview of the current status of available leishmanicidal plant derived compounds that are effective singly or in combination with conventional anti-leishmanial drugs, yet are non toxic to mammalian host cells. Furthermore, delineation of the contributory biochemical mechanisms involved in mediating their effect would help develop new chemotherapeutic approaches. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. |
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| 4. | Parasit Vectors. 2011 May 19;4(1):82. [Epub ahead of print]The paratransgenic sand fly: A platform for cont rol of Leishmania transmission.Hurwitz I, Hillesland H, Fieck A, Das P, Durvasula R.AbstractABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Leishmania donovani is transmitted by the bite of the sand fly, Phlebotomus argentipes. This parasite is the agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), an endemic disease in Bihar, India, where prevention has relied mainly on DDT spraying. Pesticide resistance in sand fly populations, environmental toxicity, and limited resources confound this approach. A novel paratransgenic strategy aimed at control of vectorial transmission of L. donovani is presented using Bacillus subtilis, a commensal bacterium isolated from the sand fly gut. In this study, B. subtilis expressing Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) was added to sterilized larval chow. Control pots contained larval chow spiked either with untransformed B. subtilis or phosphate-buffered saline. Fourth-instar P. argentipes larvae were transferred into the media and allowed to mature. The number of bacterial colony forming units, relative abundance and the mean microbial load were determined per developmental stage. RESULTS:Addition of B. subtilis to larval chow did not affect sand fly emergence rates. B. cereus and Lys fusiformis were identified at each developmental stage, revealing transstadial passage of endogenous microbes. Larvae exposed to an exogenous bolus of B. subtilis harbored significantly larger numbers of bacteria. Bacterial load decreased to a range comparable to sand flies from control pots, suggesting an upper limit to the number of bacteria harbored. Emerging flies reared in larval chow containing transformed B. subtilis carried large numbers of these bacteria in their gut lumens. Strong GFP expression was detected in these paratransgenic flies with no spread of transformed bacteria to other compartments of the insects. This is the first demonstration of paratransgenic manipulation of P. argentipes. CONCLUSIONS:Paratransgenic manipulation of P. argentipes appears feasible. Expression of leishmanicidal molecules via commensal bacteria commonly found at breeding sites of P. argentipes could render adult sand flies refractory to L. donovani infection. |
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| 5. | Scand J Immunol. 2011 May 19. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02579.x. [Epub ahead of print]Evaluation of the Microbicidal Activity and Cytokines/Chemokines Profile Released by Neutrophils from HTLV-1 Infected Individuals.Bezerra CA, Cardoso TM, Giudice A, Porto AF, Santos SB, Carvalho EM, Bacellar O.SourceServiço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. AbstractHuman T-cell lymphotropic virus-type 1 (HTLV-1) induces activation and spontaneous proliferation of T cells with production of type-1 pro-inflammatory cytokines. It modifies the immune response to other antigens and increases susceptibility to infectious diseases. However, little is known about innate immunity in HTLV-1 infection. HTLV-1 infected individuals have higher spontaneous neutrophil activation than HTLV-1 seronegative individuals, as shown by the Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay. This study was conducted to evaluate neutrophil function in HTLV-1 infected individuals. Participants in the study included 18 HTLV-1 infected individuals and 14 HTLV-1 seronegative controls. We evaluated the ability of neutrophils (PMNs) to control a parasite infection, to produce peroxynitrite, cytokines and chemokines, and to express activation markers in cultures when stimulated with LPS or infected with Leishmania. When compared to the control group, there was no difference in the percentage of PMNs infected with Leishmania or in the number of amastigotes/100 PMNs in HTLV-1 infected individuals. The microbicidal activity of the PMNs and the levels of CXCL8 and CCL4 released by these cells did not show a difference between HTLV-1 infected individuals and the control group. In both the HTLV-1 group and the control group, infection with Leishmania or stimulation of PMNs led to cellular activation. These observations suggest that neutrophils from HTLV-1 infected individuals have preserved their ability to become activated and to produce chemokines and peroxynitrite after stimulation, and that the susceptibility to infection by intracellular L.amazonensis in HTLV-1 infected individuals does not depend on impairment of neutrophil function. Copyright © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |
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| 6. | Int J Dermatol. 2011 Jun;50(6):754. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04395.x.Few comments on the treatmen t of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis.Khatami A, Firooz A, Nassiri-Kashani M, Dowlati Y.SourceCenter for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran E-mail: firozali@sina.tums.ac.ir. |
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