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Sent on Saturday, 2011 Sep 17Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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| 1. | Parasitol Res. 2011 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print]Antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal, and cytotoxic screening of ethnopharmacologically selected Peruvian plants.González-Coloma A, Reina M, Sáenz C, Lacret R, Ruiz-Mesia L, Arán VJ, Sanz J, Martínez-Díaz RA.SourceInstituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Serrano 115-bis, 28006, Madrid, Spain. AbstractExtracts (34) from eight plant species of the Peruvian Amazonia currently used in traditional Peruvian medicine, mostly as antileishmanial remedies and also as painkiller, antiseptic, antipyretic, anti-inflamatory, antiflu, astringent, diuretic, antipoison, anticancerous, antiparasitic, insecticidal, or healing agents, have been tested for their antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal, and cytotoxic activity. Plant species were selected based on interviews conducted with residents of rural areas. The different plant parts were dried, powdered, and extracted by maceration with different solvents (hexane, chloroform, and 70% ethanol-water). These extracts were tested on promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum strain PB75, epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y, and the mammalian CHO cell line. Parasite viability and nonspecific cytotoxicity were analyzed by a modified MTT colorimetric assay method. The isolation and identification of pure compounds from selected extracts were performed by column chromatography, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS; mixtures), spectroscopic techniques [MS, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV)], and mono and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; COSY, HSQC, NOESY) experiments. Chondodendron tomentosum bark and Cedrela odorata were the most active extracts against Leishmania, while C. odorata and Aristoloquia pilosa were the most active against Trypanosoma, followed by Tabebuia serratifolia, Tradescantia zebrina, and Zamia ulei. Six compounds and two mixtures were isolated from Z. ulei [cycasin (1)], T. serratifolia {mixtures 1-2, and naphthoquinones 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (2) and 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (3)}, and C. tomentosum [chondrocurine (4); (S,S')-12-O-methyl(+)-curine (5); and cycleanine (6)]. Four compounds and the two mixtures exhibited significant activity. |
| 2. | J Nat Med. 2011 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print]In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of bis(bibenzyls)s and bibenzyls from liverworts against Trypanosoma brucei.Otoguro K, Ishiyama A, Iwatsuki M, Namatame M, Nishihara-Tukashima A, Kiyohara H, Hashimoto T, Asakawa Y, Omura S, Yamada H.SourceResearch Center for Tropical Diseases, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan, otoguro@lisci.kitasato-u.ac.jp. AbstractDuring the course of our screening program to discover new antitrypanosomal compounds, 17 known plant aromatic compounds [12 bis(bibenzyls)s and 5 bibenzyls] were evaluated for in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Sixteen compounds were found to exhibit antitrypanosomal activity. In particular, three compounds, marchantin A (1), plagiochin A (5) and 2(R)-2-isopropenyl-6,7-dihydroxy-4-(2-phenylethyl)dihydrobenzofuran (16) demonstrated moderate selective and potent antitrypanosomal activities in vitro. We detail here the antitrypanosomal properties and cytotoxicities of the compounds in comparison with two commonly used therapeutic drugs, eflornithine and suramin. Our finding represents the first report of the promising trypanocidal activity of these compounds. The research also provides valuable insight into structure-activity relationships and the possible mode of action of the compounds. |
| 3. | Vet Rec. 2011 Sep 14. [Epub ahead of print]In situ hybridisation for the detection of Leishmania species in paraffin wax-embedded canine tissues using a digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide probe.Dinhopl N, Mostegl MM, Richter B, Nedorost N, Maderner A, Fragner K, Weissenböck H.SourceInstitute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria. AbstractThe diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is currently predominantly achieved by cytological or histological identification of amastigotes in biopsy samples, demonstration of specific anti-Leishmania antibodies and PCR-based approaches. All these methods have the advantage of being sensitive and more or less specific; nevertheless, most of them also have disadvantages. A chromogenic in situ hybridisation (ISH) procedure with a digoxigenin-labelled probe, targeting a fragment of the 5.8S rRNA was developed for the detection of all species of Leishmania parasites in routinely paraffin wax-embedded canine tissues. This method was validated in comparison with traditional techniques (histology, PCR), on various tissues from three dogs with histological changes consistent with a florid leishmaniosis. Amastigote forms of Leishmania gave clear signals and were easily identified using ISH. Various tissues from 10 additional dogs with clinical suspicion or/and a positive serological test but without histological presence of amastigotes did not show any ISH signals. Potential cross-reactivity of the probe was ruled out by negative outcome of the ISH against selected protozoa (including the related Trypanosoma cruzi) and fungi. Thus, ISH proved to be a powerful tool for unambiguous detection of Leishmania parasites in paraffin wax-embedded tissues. |
| 4. | Carbohydr Res. 2011 Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print]Synthesis of octyl S-glycosides of tri- to pentasaccharide fragments related to the GPI anchor of Trypanosoma brucei.Dettmann R, Ziegler T.SourceInstitute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. AbstractThe three oligosaccharide octyl-S-glycosides Man-α1,6-Man-α1,4-GlcNH(2)-α1,S-Octyl (19), Man-α1,6-(Gal-α1,3)Man-α1,4-GlcNH(2)-α1,S-Octyl (27) and Man-α1,2-Man-α1,6-(Gal-α1,3)Man-α1,4-GlcNH(2)-α1,S-Octyl (37), related to the GPI anchor of Trypanosoma brucei were prepared by a stepwise and block-wise approach from octyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-benzyl-1-thio-α-d-glucopyranoside (8) and octyl 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyl-1,3-disiloxane-1,3-diyl)-1-thio-α-d-mannopyransoside (9). Glucosamine derivative 8 was obtained from 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-desoxy-β-d-glucopyranose (1) in five steps. Mannoside 9 was converted into the corresponding imidate 12 and coupled with 8 to give disaccharide octyl-S-glycoside 13 which was further mannosylated to afford trisaccharide 19 upon deprotection. Likewise, mannoside 9 was galactosylated, converted into the corresponding imidate and coupled with 8 to give trisaccharide 25. Mannosylation of the latter afforded tetrasaccharide 27 upon deprotection. Condensation of 25 with disaccharide imidate 35 gave, upon deprotection of the intermediates, the corresponding pentasaccharide octyl-S-glycoside 37. Saccharides 19, 27 and 37 are suitable substrates for studying the enzymatic glycosylation pattern of the GPI anchor of T. brucei. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
| 5. | Int J Parasitol. 2011 Sep 7. [Epub ahead of print]Characterisation of antimony-resistant Leishmania donovani isolates: Biochemical and biophysical studies and interaction with host cells.Mukhopadhyay R, Mukherjee S, Mukherjee B, Naskar K, Mandal D, Decuypere S, Ostyn B, Prajapati VK, Sundar S, Dujardin JC, Roy S.SourceIndian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India. AbstractRecent clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani from the hyperendemic zone of Bihar were characterised in vitro in terms of their sensitivity towards sodium stibogluconate (SSG) in a macrophage (MΦ) culture system. The resulting half maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) values were compared with those of known sensitive isolates. Fifteen of the isolates showed decreased sensitivity towards SSG with an average EC(50) of 25.7±4.5μg/ml pentavalent antimony (SbV) (defined as antimony resistant (Sb-R)), whereas nine showed considerable sensitivity with an average EC(50) of 4.6±1.7μg/ml (defined as antimony sensitive (Sb-S)). Out of those nine, seven were recent clinical isolates and the remaining two were known sensitive isolates. Compared with the Sb-S, Sb-R isolates showed enhanced expression of thiol metabolising enzymes in varying degrees coupled with increased intracellular non-protein thiol content, decreased fluorescence anisotropy (inversely proportional with membrane fluidity) and over-expression of the terminal glycoconjugates (N-acetyl-d-galactosaminyl residue). MΦs infected with Sb-R but not with Sb-S showed up-regulation of the ATP Binding Cassette transporter multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) and permeability glycoprotein (P-gp), while the supernatant contained abundant IL-10. The above results reinforce the notion that Sb-R parasites have undergone a number of biochemical and biophysical changes as part of their adaptation to ensure their survival in the host. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd. |
| 6. | Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print]Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in Suboptimally Preserved Vectors and Comparative Infection Rates 2007-2010 in Escondido, Southern California.Smith BA, Conlan C, Hwang WS, Weirauch C.Source1 Department of Entomology; University of California , Riverside, California. AbstractAbstract We investigate the effect of specimen preservation on reliable detection of infection rates of the Chagas disease agent Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Californian endemic vector Triatoma protracta (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) by using polymerase chain reaction. Infection rates in suboptimally preserved specimens (dry or low-percentage ethanol) were found to be not significantly different from optimally preserved samples. Based on our samples, the infection rate of vectors in one population in Escondido, San Diego County, has not changed significantly between 2007 and 2010. |
| 7. | Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print]Leishmania Major Infection Among Psammomys Obesus and Meriones Shawi: Reservoirs of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sidi Bouzid (Central Tunisia).Ghawar W, Toumi A, Snoussi MA, Chlif S, Zâatour A, Boukthir A, Bel Haj Hamida N, Chemkhi J, Diouani MF, Ben-Salah A.SourceService of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis , Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia . AbstractAbstract A study was undertaken between November 2008 and March 2010, in the focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis of Central Tunisia, to evaluate the role of Psammomys obesus (n=472) and Meriones shawi (n=167) as reservoir hosts for Leishmania major infection. Prevalence of L. major infection was 7% versus 5% for culture (p=not signifiant [NS]), 19% versus 16% for direct examination of smears (p=NS), and 20% versus 33% (p=NS) for Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test among P. obesus and M. shawi, respectively. The peak of this infection was in winter and autumn and increased steadily with age for the both species of rodents. The clinical examination showed that depilation, hyper-pigmentation, ignition, and severe edema of the higher edge of the ears were the most frequent signs observed in the study sample (all signs combined: 47% for P. obesus versus 43% for M. shawi; p=NS). However, the lesions were bilateral and seem to be more destructive among M. shawi compared with P. obesus. Asymptomatic infection was ∼40% for both rodents. This study demonstrated that M. shawi plays an important role in the transmission and the emergence of Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. |
| 8. | Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print]Use of Parasitological Culture to Detect Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in Naturally Infected Dogs.de Almeida AD, Sousa VR, Boa Sorte ED, Figueiredo FB, de Paula DA, Pimentel MF, Dutra V, Madeira MD.Source1 Programa de pós-graduação em Pesquisa Clínica em Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil . AbstractAbstract In Brazil, although the domestic dog is a major target for the control actions for visceral leishmaniasis, knowledge gaps of the Leishmania species present in those animals still exist in many endemic areas. The objective of this study was the use of parasitological culture as a diagnosis tool and identification of species of Leishmania and other trypanosomatids in the canine population in the city of Cuiaba/Mato Grosso. Biological samples such as blood, intact skin fragments, cutaneous ulcers, and bone marrow were collected during a cross-sectional study and cultured on biphasic medium (Novy-MacNeil-Nicolle [NNN]/Schneider's). Leishmania isolates were characterized through isoenzyme electrophoresis. Isolates were obtained from 11.2% (n=54) of the 482 animals studied considering the different anatomical sites investigated. Leishmania chagasi was confirmed in 8.3% (n=40) dogs and Trypanosoma caninum in 2.9% (n=14). The sample of intact skin presented a higher chance of isolation of L. chagasi in symptomatic dogs and bone marrow in asymptomatic dogs (p<0.05). The results presented in this study emphasize the value of culture and confirm, for the first time, the circulation of L. chagasi in the canine population in different neighborhoods of the city of Cuiaba and broaden the knowledge of the geographical distribution of T. caninum in Brazil. |
| 9. | Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Jul;79(2):312-9. Epub 2011 Feb 13.Potent 5-nitrofuran derivatives inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi growth: electrochemical, spectroscopic and biological studies.Aravena CM, Olea AC, Cerecetto H, González M, Maya JD, Rodríguez-Becerra J.SourceDepartamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Famacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile. AbstractCyclic voltammetry and electron spin resonance techniques were used in the investigation of several potential antiprotozoal containing thiosemicarbazone and carbamate nitrofurans. In the electrochemical behaviour, a self-protonation process involving the nitro group was observed. The reactivity of the nitro anion radical for these derivatives with glutathione, a biological relevant thiol, was also studied in means of cyclic voltammetry. These studies demonstrated that glutathione could react with radical species from 5-nitrofuryl system. Furthermore, from the voltammetric results, some parameters of biological significance as E(7)(1) (indicative of the biological nitro anion radical formation), and [Formula: see text] (thermodynamic indicator the of oxygen redox cycling) have been calculated. We also evaluated the stability of the nitro anion radical in terms of the dimerization constant (k(d)). The nitrofuran-free radicals from cyclic voltammetry were characterized by electron spin resonance. A clear dependence between both the thiosemicarbazone or carbamate substructure and the length of the linker, furyl- or furylpropenyl-spacer, and the delocalization of the unpaired electron was observed. Through of biological assays we obtained important parameters that account for the selective anti-trypanosomal activity of these derivatives. The trypomastigote viability study showed that all derivatives are as active as in the epimastigote form of the parasite in a doses dependent manner. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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