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Sent on Tuesday, 2011 Sep 20Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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| PubMed Results |
| 1. | Eur J Immunol. 2011 Sep 19. doi: 10.1002/eji.201141631. [Epub ahead of print]Similar inflammatory dendritic cell maturation signatures induced by TNF or Trypanosoma brucei antigens instruct default T helper-2 cell responses.Pletinckx K, Stijlemans B, Pavlovic V, Laube R, Brandl C, Kneitz S, Beschin A, De Baetselier P, Lutz MB.SourceInstitute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Germany. AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) represent the major cell type leading to polarized T helper (Th) cell responses in vivo. Here we asked whether the instruction of murine Th2 responses by DCs matured with the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF is qualitatively different from maturation by different types of TLR4/MyD88-dependent variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) of Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei). The results obtained by analysing DC surface markers, Notch ligand mRNA, cytokines, asthma and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models as well as performing microarrays indicate that both types of stimuli induce similar inflammatory, semi-mature DC profiles. DCs matured by TNF or VSG treatment expressed a common inflammatory signature of 24 genes correlating with their Th2 polarization capacity. However, the same 24 genes and 4498 additional genes were expressed by DCs treated with LPS that went on to induce Th1 cells. These findings support the concept of a default pathway for Th2 cell induction in DCs matured under suboptimal or inflammatory conditions, independent of the surface receptors and signalling pathways involved. Our data also indicate that quantitative differences in DC maturation might direct Th2 versus Th1 responses, since suboptimally matured inflammatory DCs induce default Th2 cell maturation, while fully mature DCs induce Th1 cell maturation. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. |
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| 2. | Parasitol Res. 2011 Sep 17. [Epub ahead of print]Tandem repeat protein as potential diagnostic antigen for Trypanosoma evansi infection.Thuy NT, Goto Y, Lun ZR, Kawazu SI, Inoue N.SourceOIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, OIE Collaborating Centre, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. AbstractTrypanosoma evansi infection (surra) causes significant losses in livestock production in tropical and sub-tropical areas. The current ELISA recommended by OIE for diagnosis of the disease is based on trypanosome lysate antigen. However, antigenic variation and unstable nature of cell lysate antigen make it difficult to standardize the assay. Thus, there are needs to develop recombinant antigen-based ELISA that improve stability, sensitivity, and specificity of the test. Since tandem repeat (TR) proteins of trypanosomatid parasites generally possess high antigenicity, they have been considered to be the promising antigens for trypanosomosis and leishmaniosis. In this study, IgG responses against 14 recombinant TR proteins of trypanosomes were examined by ELISA. Serum samples were obtained from three water buffaloes experimentally infected with T. evansi. Since Trypanosoma congolense GM6 (TcoGM6) elicited highest IgG responses to all water buffaloes, we further bioinformatically and molecular biologically identified Trypanosoma brucei brucei GM6 (TbbGM6) and T. evansi GM6 (TeGM6) TR genes, respectively. As expected, predicted amino acid sequences of TbbGM6 and TeGM6 were identical while the nucleic acid sequence homology between TbbGM6 and TcoGM6 was 63.8%. All buffaloes became clearly positive in recombinant TbbGM6 (rTbbGM6)-based ELISA at 48 days post-infection, suggesting that rTbbGM6 is usable as a serodiagnostic antigen for chronic T. evansi infection. |
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| 3. | Eukaryot Cell. 2011 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print]Epigenetic regulation of Pol II transcription initiation in Trypanosoma cruzi: Modulation of nucleosome abundance, histone modification and polymerase occupancy by O-linked thymine DNA glucosylation.Ekanayake D, Sabatini R.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. AbstractVery little is understood regarding how transcription is initiated/regulated in the early-diverging eukaryote, Trypanosoma cruzi. Unusually for a eukaryote, genes transcribed by RNA polymerase (Pol) II in T. cruzi are arranged in polycistronic transcription units (PTUs). Based on this gene organization it was previously thought that trypanosomes rely solely on posttranscriptional processes to regulate gene expression. We recently localized a novel glucosylated thymine DNA base, called base J, to potential promoter regions of PTUs throughout the trypanosome genome. Loss of base J, following the deletion of JBP1, a thymidine hydroxylase involved with synthesis, led to a global increase in Pol II transcription rate and gene expression. In order to determine the mechanism by which base J regulates transcription, we have characterized changes in chromatin structure and Pol II recruitment to promoter regions following the loss of base J. The loss of base J coincides with a decrease in nucleosome abundance, increased histone H3/H4 acetylation and increased Pol II occupancy at promoter regions, including the well characterized SL RNA gene promoter. These studies present the first direct evidence for epigenetic regulation of Pol II transcription initiation via DNA modification and chromatin structure in kinetoplastids as well as providing a mechanism for regulation of trypanosome gene expression via the novel hyper-modified base J. |
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| 4. | Eukaryot Cell. 2011 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print]Morphological events during the cell cycle of Leishmania major.Ambit A, Woods KL, Cull B, Coombs GH, Mottram JC.SourceWellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK. AbstractThe morphological events involved in the Leishmania major promastigote cell cycle have been investigated in order to provide a detailed description of the chronological processes by which the parasite replicates its set of single-copy organelles and generates a daughter cell. Immunofluorescent labelling of β-tubulin was used to follow the dynamics of the subcellular cytoskeleton and to monitor the division of the nucleus via the visualisation of the mitotic spindle, whilst RAB11 was found to be a useful marker to track flagellar pocket division and follow mitochondrial DNA (kinetoplast) segregation. Classification and quantification of these morphological events were used to determine the durations of phases of the cell cycle. Our results demonstrate that in L. major promastigotes the extrusion of the daughter flagellum precedes the onset of mitosis, which in turn ends after kinetoplast segregation, and that significant remodelling of cell shape accompanies mitosis and cytokinesis. These findings contribute to a more complete foundation for future studies of cell cycle control in Leishmania. |
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| 5. | Vet Parasitol. 2011 Aug 27. [Epub ahead of print]Towards a rapid molecular identification of the common phlebotom ine sand flies in the Mediterranean region.Latrofa MS, Annoscia G, Dantas-Torres F, Traversa D, Otranto D.SourceDipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy. AbstractThe present study reports two simple molecular approaches allowing a rapid identification of the most prevalent species of phlebotomine sand flies in the Mediterranean region. A PCR protocol for the amplification of ITS2 ribosomal region and a PCR-RFLP on a mitochondrial DNA fragment (cytb-nd1) were settled in order to identify and discriminate among Phlebotomus perniciosus, Phlebotomus neglectus, Phlebotomus perfiliewi, Phlebotomus papatasi and Sergentomyia minuta. The ITS2 regions showed a certain degree of interspecific variability, which led to PCR amplicons of different sizes, i.e., 450, 490, 460, 480 and 530bp for P. perniciosus, P. neglectus, P. perfiliewi, P. papatasi, and S. minuta, respectively. Analogously, the digestion of a mitochondrial DNA amplicon with Ase I enzyme showed five different restriction profiles, which allowed the unequivocal differentiation of the sand fly species examined. These methods might represent useful tools for a molecular large scale screening of phlebotomine sand fly species caught in areas where leishmaniasis is endemic, in order to plan appropriate epidemiological surveillance programs for both Leishmania spp. and their vectors. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier B.V. |
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| 6. | Mol Microbiol. 2011 Sep 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07842.x. [Epub ahead of print]Late endosomal Rab7 regulates lysosomal trafficking of end ocytic but not biosynthetic cargo in Trypanosoma brucei.Silverman JS, Schwartz KJ, Hajduk SL, Bangs JD.Sourcefrom the Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. AbstractWe present the first functional analysis of the small GTPase, TbRab7, in Trypanosoma brucei. TbRab7 defines discrete late endosomes closely juxtaposed to the terminal p67(+) lysosome. RNAi indicates that TbRab7 is essential in bloodstream trypanosomes. Initial rates of endocytosis were unaffected, but lysosomal delivery of cargo, including tomato lectin (TL) and trypanolytic factor (TLF) were blocked. These accumulate in a dispersed internal compartment of elevated pH, likely derived from the late endosome. Surface binding of TL but not TLF was reduced, suggesting that cellular distribution of flagellar pocket receptors is differentially regulated by TbRab7. TLF activity was reduced ∼3-fold confirming that lysosomal delivery is critical for trypanotoxicity. Unexpectedly, delivery of endogenous proteins, p67 & TbCatL, were unaffected indicating that TbRab7 does not regulate biosynthetic lysosomal trafficking. Thus, unlike mammalian cells and yeast, lysosomal trafficking of endocytosed and endogenous proteins occur via different routes and/or are regulated differentially. TbRab7 silencing had no effect on a cryptic default pathway to the lysosome, suggesting that the default lysosomal reporters p67ΔTM, p67ΔCD, and VSGΔGPI do not utilize the endocytic pathway as previously proposed [Tazeh et. al. (2009) Euk. Cell 8:1352]. Surprisingly, conditional knockout indicates that TbRab7 may be non-essential in procyclic insect form trypanosomes. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |
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| 7. | Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print]Molecular Diagnosis of Leishmania mexicana in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Case in Sinaloa, Mexico.Ochoa-Diaz YO, Lopez-Moreno CY, Rendon-Maldonado JG, Lopez-Moreno HS.Source1 Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa , Culiacán, Mexico . AbstractAbstract Leishmaniasis has been considered endemic in Sinaloa, Mexico, since 1994. Despite that Leishmania mexicana is the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in other regions of Mexico, the species causing CL in patients from Sinaloa state has not been previously established, although Leishmania braziliensis has been found in the neighboring southern state, Nayarit. L. braziliensis is also associated with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which is a more complicated clinical variant. Due to the implications on individual and public health, the objective of this report was to identify the Leishmania species present in Sinaloa, Mexico. Using the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, we identified L. mexicana in a CL patient from Sinaloa and confirmed the extended distribution of this parasite in Mexico. |
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| 8. | Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print]A Novel 12.6-kDa Protein of Leishmania donovani for the Diagnosis of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis.Kumar D, Kumar S, Chakravarty J, Sundar S.SourceDepartment of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, India . AbstractAbstract Background: For the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), rK39 antigen-based rapid test is widely used. Unfortunately, up to 32% healthy individuals from endemic region test positive with this antigen. There is an urgent need to search for a more specific antigen with sensitivity similar to rK39. Methods: We identified a Leishmania donovani-specific 12.6-kDa (BHUP3) soluble promastigote antigen through sensitive western blot technique. The identified protein was partially purified from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the antigenic response of eluted protein was determined by western blot with different groups of individual sera. The diagnostic potential was further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using serum of 100 VL patients, 93 nonendemic healthy control individuals, 110 endemic healthy control individuals, and 110 disease control individuals. Further, it was characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight analysis. Results: On blotting, antibody against this protein was recognized by all (9/9) VL patient's sera, but it was absent in every control group (nonendemic healthy control and endemic healthy control). Sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 88% (89/101), whereas the specificity for endemic healthy, nonendemic healthy, and different disease groups were 96% (106/110), 100% (93/93), and 97% (107/110), respectively. The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed a single spot, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight analysis revealed that it is a 113-amino-acid-long putative uncharacterized protein of 12.6-kDa anamorsin homolog matched completely with Leishmania major (GenBank accession number: Q4QIS1). Conclusion: Despite marginally lower sensitivity of BHUP3, excellent specificity warrants its further development as a tool for diagnosis of VL. |
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| 9. | Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print]Natural Infection of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Mus musculus Captured in Mato Grosso, Brazil.de Freitas TP, D'Andrea PS, de Paula DA, Nakazato L, Dutra V, Bonvicino CR, de Almeida AD, Boa-Sorte ED, Sousa VR.Source1 Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Hospital Veterinário-HOVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá, MT, Brazil . AbstractAbstract We report natural infection by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Mus musculus and Necromys lasiurus using molecular analyses (PCR-RFLP) of femoral bone marrow and skin fragments. The aim of this study was to detect infection by pathogenic species of Leishmania in small mammals in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The animals were captured in Peixoto de Azevedo, a cutaneous leishmaniasis-endemic region located in the north of the state, from October 30 to November 3, 2008. Natural infection by Leishmania in synanthropic rodents may be a threat to humans due to cohabitation of human domiciles in this area. |
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| 10. | Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2011;155:A3170.[Chagas disease in the Netherlands: an estimate of the number of patients]. [Article in Dutch] Bart A, Hodiamont CJ, Grobusch MP, van den Brink RB, Smout AJ, van Gool T.SourceAcademisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. a.bart@amc.uva.nl AbstractA total of 8-10 million persons are infected worldwide with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative parasite of Chagas disease, most of whom are inhabitants of Latin America. Due to the increased migration of peoples, Chagas disease has been on the uprise outside Latin America, including in Europe. The course of Chagas, also called American trypanosomiasis, runs in 2 phases: an acute phase lasting approximately 2 months, and a chronic phase in which symptoms may appear years after infection. Without treatment, the patient will remain infected for life. The acute phase is usually asymptomatic; in the chronic phase of American trypanosomiasis, severe gastro-intestinal and cardiac abnormalities may develop, finally with fatal course. In the Netherlands, the number of immigrants who would serologically test positive for American trypanosomiasis is estimated to be between 726 and 2929. Healthcare providers in the Netherlands may encounter patients who have Chagas disease more and more frequently. The screening of pregnant women and blood donors at risk for American trypanosomiasis should be considered. |
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