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Sent on Friday, 2012 January 13Search: kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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| 1. | Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2011;8(1):15-21. Epub 2010 Oct 2.In vivo antitrypanosomal effects of some ethnomedicinal plants from nupeland of north central Nigeria.Mann A, Ifarajimi OR, Adewoye AT, Ukam C, Udeme EE, Okorie II, Sakpe MS, Ibrahim DR, Yahaya YA, Kabir AY, Ogbadoyi EO.SourceDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Bida, P. M. B. 55, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria. AbstractFour medicinal plants Acacia nilotica, Bombax buonopozense, Terminalia avicennioides and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides traditionally used for treatment of sleeping sickness in Nupeland were investigated for in vivo antitrypanosomal activity. Methanol extracts of different parts of each plant (stem barks and fruits) were obtained and evaluated for their in vivo antitrypanosomal activities against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of each plant were performed by standard procedures. Methanol extracts of A. nilotica (stem bark), B. buonopozense (stem bark), T. avicennioides (round fruit) and Z. zanthoxyloides (stem bark) were effective on trypanosomes. The extracts of A. nilotica and B. buonopozense exhibited antitrypanosomal effects at 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight respectively. Doses were able to clear the parasites from circulation within 6 and 7 days of treatment respectively with prolonging survival period of up to 30 days. While the extracts of T. avicennioides and Z. zanthoxyloides showed trypanostatic effects and could not clear the parasites completely. The methanol extracts of these plants contain metabolites that are associated with antitrypanosomal effects; therefore, these medicinal plants may be sources of new compounds that may be active against T. b. brucei. This study has also justified the claim that some medicinal plants of Nupeland possess antitrypanosomal activity and could be useful in the management of trypanosomiasis. |
| 2. | J Infect Dis. 2012 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print]Noninferiority of Miltefosine Versus Meglumine Antimoniate for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Children.Rubiano LC, Miranda MC, Muvdi Arenas S, Montero LM, Rodríguez-Barraquer I, Garcerant D, Prager M, Osorio L, Rojas MX, Pérez M, Nicholls RS, Gore Saravia N.SourceCentro Internacional De Entrenamiento E Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali. AbstractBackground. Children have a lower response rate to antimonial drugs and higher elimination rate of antimony (Sb) than adults. Oral miltefosine has not been evaluated for pediatric cutaneous leishmaniasis.Methods. A randomized, noninferiority clinical trial with masked evaluation was conducted at 3 locations in Colombia where Leishmania panamensis and Leishmania guyanensis predominated. One hundred sixteen children aged 2-12 years with parasitologically confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis were randomized to directly observed treatment with meglumine antimoniate (20 mg Sb/kg/d for 20 days; intramuscular) (n = 58) or miltefosine (1.8-2.5 mg/kg/d for 28 days; by mouth) (n = 58). Primary outcome was treatment failure at or before week 26 after initiation of treatment. Miltefosine was noninferior if the proportion of treatment failures was ≤15% higher than achieved with meglumine antimoniate (1-sided test, α = .05).Results. Ninety-five percent of children (111/116) completed follow-up evaluation. By intention-to-treat analysis, failure rate was 17.2% (98% confidence interval [CI], 5.7%-28.7%) for miltefosine and 31% (98% CI, 16.9%-45.2%) for meglumine antimoniate. The difference between treatment groups was 13.8%, (98% CI, -4.5% to 32%) (P = .04). Adverse events were mild for both treatments.Conclusions. Miltefosine is noninferior to meglumine antimoniate for treatment of pediatric cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) species. Advantages of oral administration and low toxicity favor use of miltefosine in children.Clinical Trial Registration. NCT00487253. |
| 3. | J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print]Adenine aminohydrolase from Leishmania donovani: a unique enzyme in parasite purine metabolism.Boitz JM, Strasser R, Hartman CU, Jardim A, Ullman B.SourceOregon Health & Science University; AbstractAdenine aminohydrolase (AAH) is an enzyme that is not present in mammalian cells and is found exclusively in Leishmania among the protozoan parasites that infect humans. AAH plays a paramount role in purine metabolism in this genus by steering 6-aminopurines into 6-oxypurines. L. donovani AAH is 38% and 23% identical to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae AAH and human adenosine deaminase enzymes, respectively, catalyzes adenine deamination to hypoxanthine with an apparent K(m) of 15.4 μM, and does not recognize adenosine as a substrate. Western blot analysis established that AAH is expressed in both life cycle stages of L. donovani, while subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence studies confirmed that AAH is localized to the parasite cytosol. Deletion of the AAH locus in intact parasites established that AAH is not an essential gene and that Δaah cells are capable of salvaging the same range of purine nucleobases and nucleosides as wild type L. donovani. The Δaah null mutant was able to infect murine macrophages in vitro and mice, although the parasite loads in both model systems were modestly reduced compared to wild type infections. The Δaah lesion was also introduced into a conditionally lethal Δhgprt/Δxprt mutant in which viability was dependent on pharmacologic ablation of AAH by 2'-deoxycoformycin. The Δaah/Δhgprt/Δxprt triple knockout no longer required 2'-deoxycoformycin for growth and was avirulent in mice with no persistence after a four-week infection. These genetic studies underscore the importance of AAH to purine salvage by L. donovani and offer a potential live attenuated vaccine strategy for preventing leishmaniasis. |
| 4. | Parasit Vectors. 2012 Jan 11;5(1):11. [Epub ahead of print]A dysflagellar mutant of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolated from a cutaneous leishmaniasis patient.Zauli RC, Yokoyama-Yasunaka JK, Miguel DC, Moura AS, Pereira LI, da Silva IA Jr, Lemes LG, Dorta ML, de Oliveira MA, Pitaluga AN, Ishikawa EA, Rodrigues JC, Traub-Cseko YM, Bijovsky AT, Ribeiro-Dias F, Uliana SR.AbstractABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Parasites of the Leishmania genus alternate between the flagellated extracellular promastigote stage and intracellular amastigotes. Here we report the characterization of a Leishmania isolate, obtained from a cutaneous leishmaniasis patient, which presents peculiar morphological features. METHODS:The parasite was cultured in vitro and characterized morphologically using optical and electron microscopy. Identification was performed based on monoclonal antibodies and internal ribosomal spacer typing. In vitro macrophage cultures, murine experimental models and sand fly infections were used to evaluate infectivity in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS:The isolate was identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. In the atypical promastigotes grown in culture, a short flagellum surrounded or interrupted by a protuberance of disorganized material was observed. A normal axoneme was present close to the basal body but without elongation much further outside the flagellar pocket. A disorganized swelling at the precocious end of the axoneme coincided with the lack of a paraflagellar rod structure. The isolate was able to infect macrophages in vitro, induce lesions in BALB/c mice and infect Lutzomyia longipalpis. CONCLUSIONS:Notwithstanding the lack of an extracellular flagellum, this isolate infects macrophages in vitro and produces lesions when inoculated into mice. Moreover, it is able to colonize phlebotomine sand flies. Considering the importance attributed to the flagellum in the successful infection and survival of Leishmania in the insect midgut and in the invasion of macrophages, these findings may bring new light into the infectious mechanisms of L. (V.) braziliensis. |
| 5. | J Cutan Pathol. 2012 Jan 11. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2011.01833.x. [Epub ahead of print]Acute New World cutaneous leishmaniasis presenting as tuberculoid granulomatous dermatitis.Miller DD, Gilchrest BA, Garg A, Goldberg LJ, Bhawan J.SourceDermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. AbstractAcute primary cutaneous leishmaniasis typically presents microscopically with a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate containing admixed plasma cells, parasitized macrophages and abundant organisms. Tuberculoid granulomatous changes may occur in the later phases of primary infection. A 23-year-old male presented 1 month after visiting Peru with classic clinical findings of acute primary cutaneous leishmaniasis, while histopathology showed a tuberculoid granulomatous process that lacked any organisms in hematoxylin-eosin and fungal stains. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and tissue cultures confirmed the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis with Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis infection. A pauci-organism tuberculoid granulomatous process may uncommonly be the presenting histopathology in the acute infectious phase of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinicians and dermatopathologists should be aware of this atypical presentation, which may cause diagnostic confusion and delay proper treatment. PCR testing should be employed in cases with high clinical suspicion when histopathology is not definitive. Miller DD, Gilchrest BA, Garg A, Goldberg LJ, Bhawan J. Acute New World cutaneous leishmaniasis presenting as tuberculoid granulomatous dermatitis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. |
| 6. | Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011 Dec;50(12):2187-96. Epub 2011 Sep 20.Antigen-specific immature dendritic cell vaccine ameliorates anti-dsDNA antibody-induced renal damage in a mouse model.Xia Y, Jiang S, Weng S, Lv X, Cheng H, Fang C.SourceDepartment of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. ymxia@whu.edu.cn AbstractOBJECTIVES: Dendritic cells (DCs) can inhibit immune response by clonal anergy when immature. Recent studies have shown that immature DCs (iDCs) may serve as a live cell vaccine after specific antigen pulse based on its potential of blocking antibody production. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of nuclear antigen-pulsed iDCs in the treatment of lupus-like renal damages induced by anti-dsDNA antibodies. METHODS: iDCs were generated from haemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow and then pulsed in vitro with nuclear antigen. The iDC vaccine and corresponding controls were injected into mice with lupus-like renal damages. The evaluation of disease was monitored by biochemical parameters and histological scores. Anti-dsDNA antibody isotypes and T-lymphocyte-produced cytokines were analysed for elucidating therapeutic mechanisms. RESULTS; The mice treated with antigen-pulsed iDCs had a sustained remission of renal damage compared with those injected with non-pulsed iDCs or other controls, including decreased anti-dsDNA antibody level, less proteinuria, lower blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine values, and improved histological evaluation. Analysis on isotypes of anti-dsDNA antibody showed that iDC vaccine preferentially inhibited the production of IgG3, IgG2b and IgG2a. Furthermore, administration of antigen-treated iDCs to mice resulted in significantly reduced IL-2, IL-4 and IL-12 and IFN-γ produced by T-memory cells. Conversely, the vaccination of antigen-pulsed mature DCs led to increased anti-dsDNA antibody production and an aggravation of lupus-like disease in the model. CONCLUSIONS; These results suggested the high potency of iDC vaccine in preventing lupus-like renal injuries induced by pathogenic autoantibodies. |
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| 7. | Peptides. 2011 Sep;32(9):1787-92. Epub 2011 Aug 22.B-type natriuretic peptide an d anthropometric measures in a Brazilian elderly population with a high prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection.Beleigoli AM, Lima-Costa MF, Diniz Mde F, Ribeiro AL.SourceFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, CEP 30130-100, Brazil. beleigoli@yahoo.com AbstractB-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a diagnostic and prognostic tool in heart failure and also in Chagas disease, which is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and has cardiomyopathy as a main feature. BNP lipolytic actions and T. cruzi infection in the adipose tissue have been recently described. We aim to investigate the relationship between BNP and anthropometric measures and whether it is influenced by T. cruzi infection. We measured BNP, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), triceps skin-fold thickness (TSF) and performed serological, biochemical and electrocardiographic exams in 1398 subjects (37.5% infected with T. cruzi) in a community-dwelling elderly population in Bambui city, Brazil. Linear multivariate regression analysis was performed to investigate determinants of BNP levels. BNP levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T. cruzi-infected subjects than in the non-infected group (median=121 and 64pg/mL, respectively). BMI, WC and TSF in infected subjects were significantly lower than those in non-infected subjects (24.3 vs. 25.5kg/m2; 89.2 vs. 92.4cm; and 14.5 vs. 16.0mm, respectively). There was an inverse relationship between BNP levels and BMI (b=-0.018), WC (b=-0.005) and TSF (b=-0.193) levels. Infected and non-infected groups showed similar inverse relationships between BNP and BMI (b=-0.021 and b=-0.015, respectively). In conclusion, there was an inverse relationship between BNP levels and the anthropometric measures. Despite the actions in the adipose tissue, T. cruzi infection did not modify the associations between BNP and BMI, suggesting that body mass does not modify the accuracy of BNP in Chagas disease. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
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| 8. | Trends Parasitol. 2011 Oct;27(10):459-66. Epub 2011 Aug 15.Invasion mechanisms among emerging food-borne protozoan parasites.Yoshida N, Tyler KM, Llewellyn MS.SourceDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, Brasil. nyoshida@unifesp.br AbstractFood-borne parasitic diseases, many known to be more prevalent in poor countries with deficient sanitary conditions, are becoming common worldwide. Among the emerging protozoan parasites, the most prominent is Trypanosoma cruzi, rarely reported in the past to be transmitted by the oral route but currently responsible for frequent outbreaks of acute cases of Chagas disease contracted orally and characterized by high mortality. Several other food-borne protozoans considered emerging include the apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium, as well as Giardia and Entamoeba histolytica. Here, the interactions of these protozoans with the mucosal epithelia of the host are discussed. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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| 9. | Parasit Vectors. 2011 Aug 9;4(1):158.Description of evandromyia spelunca, a new phlebotomine species of the cortelezzii complex, from a cave in Minas Gerais State, Brazil (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae).Carvalho GM, Brazil RP, Sanguinette CC, Filho JD.SourceColeção de Flebotomíneos, Centro de Referência Nacional e Internacional para Flebotomíneos, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. AbstractBACKGROUND:The cave fauna of the Brazil is poorly documented, and among the insects those live or frequent caves and their adjacent environments phlebotomine sand flies call for special attention because several species are vectors of pathogens among vertebrates hosts. A new species of sand fly from Minas Gerais is described based in females and males collected in a cave of the municipality of Lassance. RESULTS:The morphological characters of the new species permit to include in the Evandromyia genus, cortelezzii complex. This complex consists of three species: Evandromyia corumbaensis (Galati, Nunes, Oshiro & Rego, 1989), Evandromyia cortelezzii (Brethes, 1923) and Evandromyia sallesi (Galvao & Coutinho, 1940). CONCLUSIONS:The new species can be separate from the others of the cortelezzii complex through morphological characters of the male terminalia and female spermathecae. |
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| 10. | Trends Parasitol. 2011 Oct;27(10):429-33. Epub 2011 Apr 30.Mitochondrial translation in trypanosomatids: a novel target for chemotherapy?Niemann M, Schneider A, Cristodero M.SourceDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestr. 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. niemann@dcb.unibe.ch AbstractTrypanosomatids cause widespread disease in humans and animals. Treatment of many of these diseases is hampered by the lack of efficient and safe drugs. New strategies for drug development are therefore urgently needed. It has long been known that the single mitochondrion of trypanosomatids exhibits many unique features. Recently, the mitochondrial translation machinery of trypanosomatids has been the focus of several studies, which revealed interesting variations to the mammalian system. It is the aim of this article to review these unique features and to discuss them in the larger biological context. It is our opinion that some of these features represent promising novel targets for chemotherapeutic intervention that should be studied in more detail. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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