What's new for 'Trypanosomatids' in PubMed

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Sent on Friday, 2012 May 18
Search: kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"

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PubMed Results

Items 1 - 5 of 5

1.	Front Immunol. 2012;3:110. Epub 2012 May 11. The immune response to sand fly salivary proteins and its influence on leishmania immunity. Gomes R, Oliveira F. Source Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease Rockville, MD, USA. Abstract Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by bites of phlebotomine sand flies. During Leishmania transmission, sand fly saliva is co-inoculated with parasites into the skin of the mammalian host. Sand fly saliva consists of roughly thirty different salivary proteins, many with known roles linked to blood feeding facilitation. Apart from the anti-hemostatic capacity of saliva, several sand fly salivary proteins have been shown to be immunogenic. Immunization with a single salivary protein or exposure to uninfected bites was shown to result in a protective immune response against leishmaniasis. Antibodies to saliva were not required for this protection. A strong body of evidence points to the role for saliva-specific T cells producing IFN-γ in the form of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction at the bite site as the main protective response. Herein, we review the immunity to sand fly salivary proteins in the context of its vector-parasite-host combinations and their vaccine potential, as well as some recent advances to shed light on the mechanism of how an immune response to sand fly saliva protects against leishmaniasis.
	PMID: 22593758 [PubMed - in process]
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2.	ScientificWorldJournal. 2012;2012:343652. Epub 2012 Apr 19. New insights in staging and chemotherapy of african trypanosomiasis and possible contribution of medicinal plants. Seke Etet PF, Fawzi Mahomoodally M. Source Department of Neurological Sciences (DNNMMS), University of Verona, Via Delle Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy. Abstract Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a fatal if untreated fly-borne neuroinflammatory disease caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.). The increasing trend of HAT cases has been reversed, but according to WHO experts, new epidemics of this disease could appear. In addition, HAT is still a considerable burden for life quality and economy in 36 sub-Saharan Africa countries with 15-20 million persons at risk. Following joined initiatives of WHO and private partners, the fight against HAT was re-engaged, resulting in considerable breakthrough. We present here what is known at this day about HAT etiology and pathogenesis and the new insights in the development of accurate tools and tests for disease staging and severity monitoring in the field. Also, we elaborate herein the promising progresses made in the development of less toxic and more efficient trypanocidal drugs including the potential of medicinal plants and related alternative drug therapies.
	PMID: 22593674 [PubMed - in process]
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3.	Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2011 Nov;30(5):439-44. [Rhodnius prolixus in Nicaragua: geographical distribution, control, and surveillance, 1998-2009]. [Article in Spanish] Yoshioka K, Tercero D, Pérez B, Lugo E. Source Proyecto Chagas, Agencia de Cooperación Internacional del Japón, Managua, Nicaragua. yoshiokakota@gmail.com Abstract OBJECTIVE: Present an overview of the control of Rhodnius prolixus, the principal vector in the transmission of Chagas' disease in Central America, during the period 1998-2009 in Nicaragua. Describe the vector control carried out and the geographical distribution of the infested localities. METHODS: The available information in Nicaragua's Ministry of Health was studied and analyzed. The geographical distribution of R. prolixus was visualized using the Quantum GIS 1.5.0 map visualization program. RESULTS: It was determined that 59 localities in 14 municipalities of 8 departments had a history of R. prolixus infestation between 1998 and 2009. The altitude of the infested localities ranges between 160 and 1 414 meters above sea level. A total of 56 localities have been treated with more than two cycles of chemical control. The presence of the vector was detected in the second spraying cycle, but it was not found in any locality during the third cycle. CONCLUSIONS: The greatest geographical concentration of R. prolixus was found in two departments in the northern region: Madriz and Nueva Segovia. There were fewer infested localities in Nicaragua than in other Central American countries. Chemical control has been successful in the localities treated, but the institutional and community surveillance system needs to be strengthened to monitor R. prolixus reinfestation and expand vector control coverage. Free Article
	PMID: 22262270 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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4.	J Invertebr Pathol. 2012 Feb;109(2):209-16. Epub 2011 Nov 18. Interspecific geographic distribution and variation of the pathogens Nosema bombi and Crithidia species in United States bumble bee populations. Cordes N, Huang WF, Strange JP, Cameron SA, Griswold TL, Lozier JD, Solter LF. Source University of Bielefeld, Evolutionary Biology, Morgenbreede 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany. Abstract Several bumble bee (Bombus) species in North America have undergone range reductions and rapid declines in relative abundance. Pathogens have been suggested as causal factors, however, baseline data on pathogen distributions in a large number of bumble bee species have not been available to test this hypothesis. In a nationwide survey of the US, nearly 10,000 specimens of 36 bumble bee species collected at 284 sites were evaluated for the presence and prevalence of two known Bombus pathogens, the microsporidium Nosema bombi and trypanosomes in the genus Crithidia. Prevalence of Crithidia was ≤10% for all host species examined but was recorded from 21% of surveyed sites. Crithidia was isolated from 15 of the 36 Bombus species screened, and were most commonly recovered from Bombus bifarius, Bombus bimaculatus, Bombus impatiens and Bombus mixtus. Nosema bombi was isolated from 22 of the 36 US Bombus species collected. Only one species with more than 50 sampled bees, Bombus appositus, was free of the pathogen; whereas, prevalence was highest in Bombus occidentalis and Bombus pensylvanicus, two species that are reportedly undergoing population declines in North America. A variant of a tetranucleotide repeat in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the N. bombi rRNA gene, thus far not reported from European isolates, was isolated from ten US Bombus hosts, appearing in varying ratios in different host species. Given the genetic similarity of the rRNA gene of N. bombi sampled in Europe and North America to date, the presence of a unique isolate in US bumble could reveal one or more native North American strains and indicate that N. bombi is enzootic across the Holarctic Region, exhibiting some genetic isolation. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
	PMID: 22119631 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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5.	Parasitol Res. 2012 Feb;110(2):599-608. Epub 2011 Jul 12. Variable sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis among Trypanosoma rangeli reference strains. de Sousa MA, Dos Santos Pereira SM, Dos Santos Faissal BN. Source Coleção de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. msousaa@ioc.fiocruz.br Abstract Six reference strains of Trypanosoma rangeli from different days of growth in axenic cultures were assayed for susceptibility to complement-mediated lysis by non-immune guinea-pig serum. Their authenticity was also confirmed by isoenzyme analyses. Parasites were incubated with 25% active or 68°C-inactivated serum (37°C, 30 min) for all tests; thereafter the lysis rates were determined. Highly variable lysis percentages were observed among T. rangeli strains and in the same stock at different growing days. In a few assays, three strains (Macias, R-1625 and Choachi) presented total or very high resistance. The others (H-14, San Agustín and SC-58) were generally most susceptible, and could reach lysis rates as high as Trypanosoma cruzi. After incubation with active sera, the epimastigotes were usually the predominant stages, being followed by spheromastigotes and/or transitional forms. Those stages and trypomastigotes could also be partially susceptible. In four strains, the short epimastigotes were more resistant to lysis than the long ones. Experiments with C3-deficient serum displayed total or partial participation of the alternative-complement pathway in T. rangeli lysis. This study confirmed the variable complement sensitivity of T. rangeli, which can be related to its intraspecific heterogeneity, to the remarkable complexity of its life-cycle stages, and to the methodology employed.
	PMID: 21748348 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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