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Sent on Friday, 2009 Nov 06Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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| PubMed Results |
| 1. | Dermatol Ther. 2009 Nov-Dec;22(6):538-49.Imported tropical diseases.Patel S, Sethi A.Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Imported tropical diseases are among the top three leading causes for morbidity and may affect up to 8% of returning travelers. Because the spectrum of dermatological manifestations seen in travelers is broad, it can be challenging for physicians to recognize and treat such conditions in a timely and efficient manner. Therefore, the present review highlights common imported tropical diseases with a focus on treatment regimens. Specifically, cutaneous larva migrans, myiasis, swimmer's itch, mycetoma, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis are discussed. As awareness increases among travelers, immigrants, and health care providers regarding imported tropical diseases, early intervention and proper diagnosis can ensue, thus reducing morbidity and mortality in affected individuals. |
| PMID: 19889137 [PubMed - in process] | |
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| 2. | Dermatol Ther. 2009 Nov-Dec;22(6):491-502.Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.David CV, Craft N.Divisions of Dermatology and Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. Leishmaniasis is a cluster of diseases caused by protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are three basic clinical forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. The present review focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Characteristics of both the human host and the parasite species influence the clinical disease manifestations that range from asymptomatic exposure, to self-healing skin ulcers, to life-threatening widespread destructive ulcerations. Whether through medical treatment or through spontaneous resolution, skin ulcerations generally result in disfiguring scars with significant social and economic impact. Tests to confirm the diagnosis should be performed on patients who have recently visited endemic areas and have skin or mucosal manifestations consistent with leishmaniasis. Treatment depends on the species of Leishmania and the risk of widespread or disfiguring disease. Because of increasing trends in global travel, educating health care providers to recognize and treat leishmaniasis in both endemic and non-endemic countries is imperative. |
| PMID: 19889134 [PubMed - in process] | |
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| 3. | Cell Microbiol. 2009 Nov 2. [Epub ahead of print]Leishmania cell surface prohibitin: role in host-parasite interaction.Jain R, Ghoshal A, Mandal C, Shaha C.Cell Death and Differentiation Research Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110067, India. Abstract Proteins selectively upregulated in infective parasitic forms could be critical for disease pathogenesis. A mammalian prohibitin orthologue is upregulated in infective metacyclic promastigotes of Leishmania donovani, a parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmania donovani prohibitin shares 41% similarity with mammalian prohibitin and 95-100% within the genus. Prohibitin is concentrated at the surface of the flagellar and the aflagellar pole, the aflagellar pole being a region through which host-parasite interactions occur. Prohibitin is attached to the membrane through a GPI anchor. Overexpression of wild-type prohibitin increases protein surface density resulting in parasites with higher infectivity. However, parasites overexpressing a mutant prohibitin with an amino acid substitution at the GPI anchor site to prevent surface expression through GPI-link, shows lesser surface expression and lower infective abilities. Further, the presence of anti-prohibitin antibodies during macrophage-Leishmania interaction in vitro reduces infection. The cognate binding partner for Leishmania prohibitin on the host cell appears to be macrophage surface HSP70, siRNA mediated downregulation of which abrogates the capability of the macrophage to bind to parasites. Leishmania prohibitin is able to generate a strong humoral response in visceral leishmaniasis patients. The above observations suggest that prohibitin plays an important role in events leading to Leishmania-host interaction. |
| PMID: 19888987 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 4. | PLoS One. 2009 Nov 3;4(11):e7685.A protein-protein interaction map of the Trypanosoma brucei paraflagellar rod.Lacomble S, Portman N, Gull K.Sir William Dunn School of Pathology and Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. We have conducted a protein interaction study of components within a specific sub-compartment of a eukaryotic flagellum. The trypanosome flagellum contains a para-crystalline extra-axonemal structure termed the paraflagellar rod (PFR) with around forty identified components. We have used a Gateway cloning approach coupled with yeast two-hybrid, RNAi and 2D DiGE to define a protein-protein interaction network taking place in this structure. We define two clusters of interactions; the first being characterised by two proteins with a shared domain which is not sufficient for maintaining the interaction. The other cohort is populated by eight proteins, a number of which possess a PFR domain and sub-populations of this network exhibit dependency relationships. Finally, we provide clues as to the structural organisation of the PFR at the molecular level. This multi-strand approach shows that protein interactome data can be generated for insoluble protein complexes. |
| PMID: 19888464 [PubMed - in process] | |
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| 5. | J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:617521. Epub 2009 Nov 1.Drug resistance in visceral leishmaniasis.Maltezou HC.Department for Interventions in Health-Care Facilities, Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 15123 Athens, Greece. Visceral leishmaniasis remains a public health problem worldwide. This illness was included by the World Health Organization in the list of neglected tropical diseases targeted for elimination by 2015. The widespread emergence of resistance to pentavalent antimonials in India where half cases occur globally and the unavailability of a vaccine in clinical use constitute major obstacles in achieving of this goal. The last decade new antileishmanials became available, including the oral agent miltefosine. However, in poor endemic countries their wide use was curtailed because of the high costs, and also due to concerns of toxicity and emergence of resistance. Various mechanisms of antileishmanial resistance were identified recently in field isolates. Their elucidation will boost the design of new drugs and the molecular surveillance of resistance. Combination regimens should be evaluated in large trials. Overall, the development of antileishmanials has been generally slow; new drugs are needed. In order to control visceral leishmaniasis worldwide, treatment advances should become affordable in the poorest countries, where they are needed most. |
| PMID: 19888437 [PubMed - in process] | |
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| 6. | PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Nov 3;3(11):e540.Identification of potent chemotypes targeting Leishmania major using a high-throughput, low-stringency, computationally enhanced, small molecule screen.Sharlow ER, Close D, Shun T, Leimgruber S, Reed R, Mustata G, Wipf P, Johnson J, O'Neil M, Grögl M, Magill AJ, Lazo JS.University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute and the Pittsburgh Molecular Library Screening Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Patients with clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous leishmaniasis, have limited treatment options, and existing therapies frequently have significant untoward liabilities. Rapid expansion in the diversity of available cutaneous leishmanicidal chemotypes is the initial step in finding alternative efficacious treatments. To this end, we combined a low-stringency Leishmania major promastigote growth inhibition assay with a structural computational filtering algorithm. After a rigorous assay validation process, we interrogated approximately 200,000 unique compounds for L. major promastigote growth inhibition. Using iterative computational filtering of the compounds exhibiting > 50% inhibition, we identified 553 structural clusters and 640 compound singletons. Secondary confirmation assays yielded 93 compounds with EC(50)s < or = 1 microM, with none of the identified chemotypes being structurally similar to known leishmanicidals and most having favorable in silico predicted bioavailability characteristics. The leishmanicidal activity of a representative subset of 15 chemotypes was confirmed in two independent assay formats, and L. major parasite specificity was demonstrated by assaying against a panel of human cell lines. Thirteen chemotypes inhibited the growth of a L. major axenic amastigote-like population. Murine in vivo efficacy studies using one of the new chemotypes document inhibition of footpad lesion development. These results authenticate that low stringency, large-scale compound screening combined with computational structure filtering can rapidly expand the chemotypes targeting in vitro and in vivo Leishmania growth and viability. |
| PMID: 19888337 [PubMed - in process] | |
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| 7. | Forsch Komplementmed. 2009;16(5):334-338. Epub 2009 Sep 21.Effect of Oral Treatment with the Essential Oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in BALB/c Mice, Caused by Leishmania amazonensis.Monzote L, García M, Montalvo AM, Linares R, Scull R.Institute of Tropical Medicine 'Pedro Kourí', Havana City, Cuba. Background: The aromatic herb Chenopodium ambrosioides is widely known for its antiparasitic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the antileishmanial effect of Chenopodium oil administered by the oral route at different doses and to compare its action to conventional, clinically used drugs. Materials and Methods: BALB/c mice were infected with Leishmania amazonensis and treated with 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mg/kg of the essential oil for 15 days. A second experiment was performed to compare the antileishmanial effect of Chenopodium oil with glucantime (28 mg/kg), amphotericin B (1 mg/kg), and pentamidine (4 mg/kg), which were ad-ministered daily over 15 days by the intraperitoneal route. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between BALB/c mice treated with all the doses of the product compared with untreated animals and the mice treated with the vehicle. A dose of 150 mg/kg was the most effective and no macroscopic toxic effects were observed. The size of lesion showed a linear correlation at each point (R > 0.8322), with a 50% effective concentration of 51.4 mg/kg. At 150 mg/kg, the essential oil showed better activity compared with animals treated with glucantime, amphotericin B, and pentamidine. Conclusion: C. ambrosioides caused a promising therapeutic effect against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. amazonensis, which could be explored to develop a new alternative treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel. |
| PMID: 19887812 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 8. | Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009 Nov 3. [Epub ahead of print]Diffuse (anergic) cutaneous leishmaniasis responding to amphotericin B.Morrison B, Mendoza I, Delgado D, Reyes Jaimes O, Aranzazu N, Paniz Mondolfi AE.New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Summary American cutaneous leishmaniasis is an important endemic zoonotic disease in the New World that comprises a spectrum of clinical manifestations. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is a rare form of the disease characterized by antigen-specific immunodeficiency that often presents with multiple disfiguring non-ulcerated confluent nodules or plaques that involve large areas of the skin, resembling lepromatous leprosy. Relapse is invariable in advanced stages, despite aggressive chemotherapy, and a plethora of drugs has been tested with unchanging results. We report on a severe an exceptional case that resolved after treatment with amphotericin B, a drug considered only mildly effective, and discuss the therapeutic approach to this disease. |
| PMID: 19886959 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 9. | AIDS Behav. 2009 Nov 3. [Epub ahead of print]Syringe-Mediated Syndemics.Bulled N, Singer M.Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-2176, USA, Nicola.Bulled@uconn.edu. One consequence of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic has been the emergence of a broad awareness of the potential role of syringes in the transmission of infectious diseases. In addition to HIV/AIDS, the use of unsterile syringes by multiple persons has been linked to the spread of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Leishmaniasis, malaria and various other infections. The purpose of this paper is to extend awareness of the grave risks of multiperson syringe use by examining the role of this behavior in the development of infectious disease syndemics. The term syndemics refers to the clustering, often due to noxious social conditions, of two or more diseases in a population resulting in adverse disease synergies that impact human life and well-being. The contemporary appearance and spread of identified syringe-mediated syndemics, and the potential for the emergence of future syringe-mediated syndemics, both of which are reviewed in this paper, underline the importance of public health measures designed to limit syringe-related disease transmission. |
| PMID: 19885727 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | |
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| 10. | J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:719361. Epub 2009 Oct 25.The prominent role of neutrophils during the initial phase of infection by Leishmania parasites.Charmoy M, Auderset F, Allenbach C, Tacchini-Cottier F.WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland. Neutrophils are rapidly and massively recruited to the site of Leishmania inoculation, where they phagocytose the parasites, some of which are able to survive within these first host cells. Neutrophils can thus provide a transient safe shelter for the parasites, prior to their entry into macrophages where they will replicate. In addition, neutrophils release and synthesize rapidly several factors including cytokines and chemokines. The mechanism involved in their rapid recruitment to the site of parasite inoculation, as well as the putative consequences of their massive presence on the microenvironment of the focus of infection will be discussed in the context of the development of the Leishmania-specific immune response. |
| PMID: 19884987 [PubMed - in process] | |
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