What's new for 'Trypanosomatids' in PubMed

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Sent on Tuesday, 2010 Jan 19
Search kinetoplastids OR kinetoplastid OR Kinetoplastida OR "trypanosoma brucei" OR leishmania OR brucei OR leishmaniasis OR "African trypanosomiasis"
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1.	Med Mal Infect. 2010 Jan 14. [Epub ahead of print] [Re-emergence of human African trypanosomiasis in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).] [Article in French] Tshimungu K, Okenge LN, Mukeba JN, de Mol P. Laboratoire de microbiologie médicale, CHU Sart-Tilman, université de Liège, B23, 4000 Liège, Belgique; Département de santé publique, épidémiologie et biostatistique, faculté de médecine, université catholique Notre-Dame du Kasaï, Kananga, Kasaï-Occidental, République démocratique du Congo; Unité d'enseignement et de recherche en santé publique, épidémiologie et biostatistique, sciences infirmières, institut supérieur des techniques médicales de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République démocratique du Congo. BACKGROUND: The incidence of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness in Kinshasa has been increasing since 1996. The objectives of this study were first to identify the optimal levels of knowledge, and then to determine the risk factors for HAT in the city of Kinshasa. METHODS: This case/control study was based on a structured questionnaire. Case-patients were detected and treated between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2005. Each case-patient was paired with two seronegative controls of the same age and sex, living in the same type of environment. The study included 437 case-patients and 874 controls. RESULTS: The optimal level of knowledge defined by the list of elementary notions related to HAT was 44% for the case-patients and 37.0% for controls (p<0.0001). The majority of individuals (86.7%) was favorable to passive screening. The patients living in peripheral areas were more at risk than other groups, in rural areas (odds-ratio 12.1; 95% IC: 5.7-21.7), and remote areas (odds-ratio 8.9; 9% IC: 2.1-38.8). A family history of HAT (odds-ratio 12.9; 95% IC: 7.9-20.8), ignoring the transmission route (odds-ratio 11.2; 95% IC: 5.8-21.7), and the water supply in natural points (odds-ratio 6.9; 95% IC: 2.8-17.2) were also risk factors. CONCLUSION: The results identified avoidable factors, which could be taken into account, to decrease the incidence of new contamination, the morbidity, and mortality of HAT. Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
	PMID: 20079989 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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2.	J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print] Toxicity and potential anti-trypanosomal activity of ethanolic extract of Azadirachtaindica (Maliacea) stem bark: An in-vivo and in-vitro approach using Trypanosoma brucei. Mbaya AW, Ibrahim UI, God OT, Ladi S. Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the toxicity and antitrypanosomal activity of the ethanolic extract of Azadirachtaindica (Maliacea) stem bark, through in-vivo and in-vitro approach using Trypanosoma bruceibrucei. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Graded concentrations (100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200mg/kg) of the crude stem bark ethanolic extract of Azadirachtaindica, Hochst ex. A. Dc. (Maliacea) was tested for acute toxicity in 35 out bred Swiss (Wister) adult albino rats of both sexes. Secondly, the in-vitro activity in test tubes and in-vivo activity of the extract in 30 out bred Swiss (Wister) adult albino rats against Trypanosomabrucei brucei strain NITR/14 (Federe) was evaluated in a graded dose manner. RESULTS: The calculated intra-peritoneal LD(50) of the extract was 870mg/kg and produced toxicity at high doses (> 800mg/kg). Graded concentrations of the ethanolic extract produced remarkable in-vitro activity against T. brucei brucei within seconds of inoculation. It also suppressed the establishment of parasitaemia at 100mg/kg when administered simultaneously with infection in-vivo. Similarly, at 200 and 400mg/kg, the extract administered at the onset of parasitaemia for 4 consecutive days reduced parasitaemia, modulated declined packed volume (PCV) changes by day 48 post-infection in-vivo. CONCLUSION: The results confirm that the folkloric medicinal application of the extract of Azadirachtaindica (Maliacea) has a pharmacological basis. Further investigation is however, needed to optimize the effectiveness of the extract. Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
	PMID: 20079420 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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3.	Isr Med Assoc J. 2009 Oct;11(10):623-8. Current status and perspectives of the immunotherapy of leishmaniasis. El-On J. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. jelon@bgu.ac.il There is still a need for innovative and alternative therapies against leishmaniasis. Despite recent advances in immunology, effective immunotherapy against the disease has not yet been proven. Live, attenuated and dead parasites, purified and recombinant specific antigens, DNA vaccines as well as DC-based immunization that have been employed in the development of protective vaccine have not yet been adopted as immunotherapeutic agents. Recently, a commercially prophylactic vaccine (Leish-110f) was developed by BioPharm International, by constructing a recombinant fusion protein consisting of TSA (thiol-specific antioxidant), LmSTI1 (L. major stress-inducible protein 1) and LeIF (Leishmania elongation initiation factor). This vaccine, when administered together with the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), either alone or plus squalene (MPL-SE) or AdjuPrime, protected mice against L. major and L. infantum infections. Also, Leishvacin (Leishvacin, Biobrs, Montes Carlos, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil), a commercial non-living promastigote polyvalent Leishmania vaccine administered either alone or combined with BCG, was found to be highly immunogenic against American CL in humans. Leishvacin alone was also found to be effective as a prophylactic vaccine, sensitizing lymphocytes from normal uninfected humans, which was further accelerated by recombinant GM-CSF. Standardization and additional carefully controlled studies in animals and humans, using these new vaccines and other immunomodulators in conjunction with various chemotherapeutic agents, are still required to determine the optimal conditions for the development of a potent anti-leishmanial immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy.
	PMID: 20077951 [PubMed - in process]
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